Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2404.14788 · International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE)

Digital Quantum Simulation for Spectroscopy of Schwinger Model

Dongwook Ghim, Masazumi Honda

Published May 4, 2024• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This note discusses a method for computing the energy spectra of quantum field theory utilizing digital quantum simulation. A quantum algorithm, called coherent imaging spectroscopy, quenches the vacuum with a time-oscillating perturbation and then reads off the excited energy levels from the loss in the vacuum-to-vacuum probability following the quench. As a practical demonstration, we apply this algorithm to the (1+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics with a topological term known as the Schwinger model, where the conventional Monte Carlo approach is practically inaccessible. In particular, on a classical simulator, we prepare the vacuum of the Schwinger model on a lattice by adiabatic state preparation and then apply various types of quenches to the approximate vacuum through Suzuki-Trotter time evolution. We discuss the dependence of the simulation results on the specific types of quenches and introduce various consistency checks, including the exact diagonalization and the continuum limit extrapolation. The estimation of the computational complexity required to obtain physically reasonable results implies that the method is likely efficient in the coming era of early fault-tolerant quantum computers.

DOI
10.22323/1.453.0213

Related papers

Digital Quantum Simulation for Energy Spectroscopy of Schwinger Model

Masazumi Honda, Dongwook Ghim

We discuss a method to efficiently compute energy spectra in quantum field theories by digital quantum simulation. We utilize a quantum algorithm called coherent imaging spectroscopy which quenches the ground state with a perturbation oscillating periodically in time for various frequencies and then reads off excited energy levels from values of frequencies having loss of the vacuum-to-vacuum probability by the quench. We demonstrate this method in the Schwinger model which is the (1+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics with a topological term. In particular, the ground state of the Schwinger model on lattice is prepared by adiabatic state preparation and then we apply various types of quenches to the approximate ground state via Suzuki-Trotter time evolution. We benchmark the types of quenches and argue their (dis)advantages especially in the context of studying quantum field theories. We also estimate the computational complexity to obtain physically reasonable results which likely implies efficiency of the method in the early fault-tolerant quantum computer era

Conference on Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum (Confinement)•Oct 24, 2025•0 citations

Digital Quantum Simulation of the Schwinger Model with Topological Term via Adiabatic State Preparation

Bipasha Chakraborty, Masazumi Honda, Taku Izubuchi +2 more

We perform a digital quantum simulation of a gauge theory with a topological term in Minkowski spacetime, which is practically inaccessible by standard lattice Monte Carlo simulations. We focus on $1+1$ dimensional quantum electrodynamics with the $\theta$-term known as the Schwinger model. We construct the true vacuum state of a lattice Schwinger model using adiabatic state preparation which, in turn, allows us to compute an expectation value of the fermion mass operator with respect to the vacuum. Upon taking a continuum limit we find that our result in massless case agrees with the known exact result. In massive case, we find an agreement with mass perturbation theory in small mass regime and deviations in large mass regime. We estimate computational costs required to take a reasonable continuum limit. Our results imply that digital quantum simulation is already useful tool to explore non-perturbative aspects of gauge theories with real time and topological terms.

•Jan 2, 2020•18 citations

Classically Emulated Digital Quantum Simulation of the Schwinger Model with Topological Term via Adiabatic State Preparation

Bipasha Chakraborty, Masazumi Honda, Taku Izubuchi +2 more

We perform a digital quantum simulation of a gauge theory with a topological term in Minkowski spacetime, which is practically inaccessible by standard lattice Monte Carlo simulations. We focus on $1+1$ dimensional quantum electrodynamics with the $θ$-term known as the Schwinger model. We construct the true vacuum state of a lattice Schwinger model using adiabatic state preparation which, in turn, allows us to compute an expectation value of the fermion mass operator with respect to the vacuum. Upon taking a continuum limit we find that our result in massless case agrees with the known exact result. In massive case, we find an agreement with mass perturbation theory in small mass regime and deviations in large mass regime. We estimate computational costs required to take a reasonable continuum limit. Our results imply that digital quantum simulation is already useful tool to explore non-perturbative aspects of gauge theories with real time and topological terms.

arXiv:2001.00485•Jan 2, 2020•3 citations

Classically emulated digital quantum simulation of the Schwinger model with a topological term via adiabatic state preparation

Bipasha Chakraborty, Masazumi Honda, Taku Izubuchi +2 more

We designed a protocol for digital quantum computation of a gauge theory with a topological term in Minkowski spacetime, which is practically inaccessible by standard lattice Monte Carlo simulations. We focus on $1+1$ dimensional quantum electrodynamics with the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ term known as the Schwinger model and test our protocol for this on an IBM simulator. We construct the true vacuum state of a lattice Schwinger model using adiabatic state preparation which, in turn, allows us to compute an expectation value of the fermion mass operator with respect to the vacuum. Upon taking a continuum limit we find that our result in the massless case agrees with the known exact result. In the massive case, we find an agreement with mass perturbation theory in the small-mass regime and deviations in the large-mass regime. We estimate computational costs required to take a reasonable continuum limit. Our results imply that digital quantum simulation appears a promising tool to explore nonperturbative aspects of gauge theories with real time and topological terms.

Physical review. D/Physical review. D.•May 13, 2022•61 citations

Digital Quantum Simulation of Nonequilibrium Dynamics in the Schwinger Model under a Strong External Electric Field

Haobin Chen, Lin Cheng, Xingyu Guo

We use the (1+1)-dimensional Schwinger model to investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a finite lattice system under a constant external electric field. The lattice Hamiltonian is constructed under open boundary conditions. The vacuum state is prepared using the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). Scans over the external field strength show the flip of the vacuum state at several field strengths. The critical field strengths agree with theoretical predictions. We further investigate the real-time evolution of the zero-field vacuum under an external electric field using a second-order Trotter-Suzuki decomposition. By comparison with exact diagonalization (ED), we verify that the quantum-simulation protocol reproduces the main features of field-induced boundary charge separation, decay of the vacuum-state fidelity, and quasiperiodic energy redistribution between the electric-field energy term and the fermionic sector. Our results indicate that combining VQE-based state preparation with digital real-time evolution provides a useful approach for studying nonequilibrium dynamics in strong-field lattice gauge theories.

hep-latCross-listedarXiv:2607.02894•Chinese Physics C•Jul 6, 2026•0 citations

Real-Time Digital Quantum Simulation of the Schwinger Model under High-Field Laser Quenches for ELI-NP Physics Regimes

Alexandru-Florin Boboc

Overview This repository contains the computational code, simulation scripts, and diagnostic notebooks for simulating the 1+1-dimensional Schwinger model (Quantum Electrodynamics) on a quantum processor emulator. The project investigates real-time vacuum decay and electron-positron pair production under extreme laser electric field quenches, utilizing parameters chosen to align with high-field physics regimes studied at facilities like the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) project. Repository Contents The core material is contained within a self-contained Jupyter Notebook designed as a computational essay that links theoretical derivations directly to code execution. The pipeline covers: Lattice Hamiltonian Construction: Setting up the $N=6$ site Kogut-Susskind staggered fermion model via Jordan-Wigner transformation and native SparsePauliOp arithmetic. Laser Quench Evolution: Implementing a time-dependent Gaussian-envelope oscillating electric field coupled via site-dependent driving operators, evolved using first-order Suzuki-Trotter decomposition (PauliEvolutionGate). NISQ Noise Modeling & ZNE Mitigation: Executing noisy density matrix simulations via Qiskit Aer (AerSimulator) under a standard depolarizing noise model ($\epsilon_{1\text{q}} = 0.002$, $\epsilon_{2\text{q}} = 0.015$), followed by Zero-Noise Extrapolation using scale-factor circuit folding ($sf \in \{1, 3\}$) and linear fitting. Advanced Quantum Diagnostics: Tracking the growth of Von Neumann entanglement entropy across a spatial bipartition as a proxy for string breaking, alongside spatiotemporal heatmaps mapping site-resolved chiral condensate melting ($\langle \bar{\psi}\psi \rangle_i$). Software Requirements & Dependencies To run the simulation and generate the diagnostic figures, the code requires Python along with the following libraries: qiskit qiskit-aer numpy matplotlib

•Oct 31, 2026•0 citations
This note discusses a method for computing the energy spectra of quantum field theory utilizing digital quantum simulation. A quantum algorithm, called coherent imaging spectroscopy, quenches the vacuum with a time-oscillating perturbation and then reads off the excited energy levels from the loss in the vacuum-to-vacuum probability following the quench. As a practical demonstration, we apply this algorithm to the (1+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics with a topological term known as the Schwinger model, where the conventional Monte Carlo approach is practically inaccessible. In particular, on a classical simulator, we prepare the vacuum of the Schwinger model on a lattice by adiabatic state preparation and then apply various types of quenches to the approximate vacuum through Suzuki-Trotter time evolution. We discuss the dependence of the simulation results on the specific types of quenches and introduce various consistency checks, including the exact diagonalization and the continuum limit extrapolation. The estimation of the computational complexity required to obtain physically reasonable results implies that the method is likely efficient in the coming era of early fault-tolerant quantum computers.
We discuss a method to efficiently compute energy spectra in quantum field theories by digital quantum simulation. We utilize a quantum algorithm called coherent imaging spectroscopy which quenches the ground state with a perturbation oscillating periodically in time for various frequencies and then reads off excited energy levels from values of frequencies having loss of the vacuum-to-vacuum probability by the quench. We demonstrate this method in the Schwinger model which is the (1+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics with a topological term. In particular, the ground state of the Schwinger model on lattice is prepared by adiabatic state preparation and then we apply various types of quenches to the approximate ground state via Suzuki-Trotter time evolution. We benchmark the types of quenches and argue their (dis)advantages especially in the context of studying quantum field theories. We also estimate the computational complexity to obtain physically reasonable results which likely implies efficiency of the method in the early fault-tolerant quantum computer era
We perform a digital quantum simulation of a gauge theory with a topological term in Minkowski spacetime, which is practically inaccessible by standard lattice Monte Carlo simulations. We focus on 1+11+11+1 dimensional quantum electrodynamics with the θ\thetaθ-term known as the Schwinger model. We construct the true vacuum state of a lattice Schwinger model using adiabatic state preparation which, in turn, allows us to compute an expectation value of the fermion mass operator with respect to the vacuum. Upon taking a continuum limit we find that our result in massless case agrees with the known exact result. In massive case, we find an agreement with mass perturbation theory in small mass regime and deviations in large mass regime. We estimate computational costs required to take a reasonable continuum limit. Our results imply that digital quantum simulation is already useful tool to explore non-perturbative aspects of gauge theories with real time and topological terms.
We perform a digital quantum simulation of a gauge theory with a topological term in Minkowski spacetime, which is practically inaccessible by standard lattice Monte Carlo simulations. We focus on 1+11+11+1 dimensional quantum electrodynamics with the θθθ-term known as the Schwinger model. We construct the true vacuum state of a lattice Schwinger model using adiabatic state preparation which, in turn, allows us to compute an expectation value of the fermion mass operator with respect to the vacuum. Upon taking a continuum limit we find that our result in massless case agrees with the known exact result. In massive case, we find an agreement with mass perturbation theory in small mass regime and deviations in large mass regime. We estimate computational costs required to take a reasonable continuum limit. Our results imply that digital quantum simulation is already useful tool to explore non-perturbative aspects of gauge theories with real time and topological terms.
We designed a protocol for digital quantum computation of a gauge theory with a topological term in Minkowski spacetime, which is practically inaccessible by standard lattice Monte Carlo simulations. We focus on 1+11+11+1 dimensional quantum electrodynamics with the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ term known as the Schwinger model and test our protocol for this on an IBM simulator. We construct the true vacuum state of a lattice Schwinger model using adiabatic state preparation which, in turn, allows us to compute an expectation value of the fermion mass operator with respect to the vacuum. Upon taking a continuum limit we find that our result in the massless case agrees with the known exact result. In the massive case, we find an agreement with mass perturbation theory in the small-mass regime and deviations in the large-mass regime. We estimate computational costs required to take a reasonable continuum limit. Our results imply that digital quantum simulation appears a promising tool to explore nonperturbative aspects of gauge theories with real time and topological terms.
We use the (1+1)-dimensional Schwinger model to investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a finite lattice system under a constant external electric field. The lattice Hamiltonian is constructed under open boundary conditions. The vacuum state is prepared using the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). Scans over the external field strength show the flip of the vacuum state at several field strengths. The critical field strengths agree with theoretical predictions. We further investigate the real-time evolution of the zero-field vacuum under an external electric field using a second-order Trotter-Suzuki decomposition. By comparison with exact diagonalization (ED), we verify that the quantum-simulation protocol reproduces the main features of field-induced boundary charge separation, decay of the vacuum-state fidelity, and quasiperiodic energy redistribution between the electric-field energy term and the fermionic sector. Our results indicate that combining VQE-based state preparation with digital real-time evolution provides a useful approach for studying nonequilibrium dynamics in strong-field lattice gauge theories.
Overview This repository contains the computational code, simulation scripts, and diagnostic notebooks for simulating the 1+1-dimensional Schwinger model (Quantum Electrodynamics) on a quantum processor emulator. The project investigates real-time vacuum decay and electron-positron pair production under extreme laser electric field quenches, utilizing parameters chosen to align with high-field physics regimes studied at facilities like the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) project. Repository Contents The core material is contained within a self-contained Jupyter Notebook designed as a computational essay that links theoretical derivations directly to code execution. The pipeline covers: Lattice Hamiltonian Construction: Setting up the N=6N=6N=6 site Kogut-Susskind staggered fermion model via Jordan-Wigner transformation and native SparsePauliOp arithmetic. Laser Quench Evolution: Implementing a time-dependent Gaussian-envelope oscillating electric field coupled via site-dependent driving operators, evolved using first-order Suzuki-Trotter decomposition (PauliEvolutionGate). NISQ Noise Modeling & ZNE Mitigation: Executing noisy density matrix simulations via Qiskit Aer (AerSimulator) under a standard depolarizing noise model (ϵ1q=0.002\epsilon_{1\text{q}} = 0.002ϵ1q​=0.002, ϵ2q=0.015\epsilon_{2\text{q}} = 0.015ϵ2q​=0.015), followed by Zero-Noise Extrapolation using scale-factor circuit folding (sf∈{1,3}sf \in \{1, 3\}sf∈{1,3}) and linear fitting. Advanced Quantum Diagnostics: Tracking the growth of Von Neumann entanglement entropy across a spatial bipartition as a proxy for string breaking, alongside spatiotemporal heatmaps mapping site-resolved chiral condensate melting (⟨ψˉψ⟩i\langle \bar{\psi}\psi \rangle_i⟨ψˉ​ψ⟩i​). Software Requirements & Dependencies To run the simulation and generate the diagnostic figures, the code requires Python along with the following libraries: qiskit qiskit-aer numpy matplotlib