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arXiv:2404.13963 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Dynamic critical exponent in quantum long-range models

Dario Benedetti, Razvan Gurău, Davide Lettera

Published Sep 4, 2024• 2 citations
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Abstract

Quantum long-range models at zero temperature can be described by fractional Lifshitz field theories, that is, anisotropic models whose actions are short range in time and long range in space. In this paper, we study the renormalization of fractional Lifshitz field theories with weakly relevant cubic or quartic self-interactions. Their nontrivial infrared fixed points exhibit Lifshitz scale invariance and we compute the lowest-order corrections to the dynamic critical exponent.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.110.104102

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A bstract In this paper we consider classical and quantum versions of the critical long-range O ( N ) model, for which we study finite-size and finite-temperature effects, respectively, at large N . First, we consider the classical (isotropic) model, which is conformally invariant at criticality, and we introduce one compact spatial direction. We show that the finite size dynamically induces an effective mass and we compute the one-point functions for bilinear primary operators with arbitrary spin and twist. Second, we study the quantum model, mapped to a Euclidean anisotropic field theory, local in Euclidean time and long-range in space, which we dub fractional Lifshitz field theory . We show that this model admits a fixed point at zero temperature, where it displays anisotropic Lifshitz scaling, and show that at finite temperature a thermal mass is induced. We then compute the one-point functions for an infinite family of bilinear scaling operators. In both the classical and quantum model, we find that, as previously noted for the short-range O ( N ) model in [1], the large- N two-point function contains information about the one-point functions, not only of the bilinear operators, but also of operators that appear in the operator product expansion of two fundamental fields only at subleading order in 1/ N , namely powers of the Hubbard-Stratonovich intermediate field.
The d-dimensional long-range Ising model, defined by spin-spin interactions decaying with the distance as the power 1/r^{d+s}, admits a second-order phase transition with continuously varying critical exponents. At s=s_{*}, the phase transition crosses over to the usual short-range universality class. The standard field-theoretic description of this family of models is strongly coupled at the crossover. We find a new description, which is instead weakly coupled near the crossover, and use it to compute critical exponents. The existence of two complementary UV descriptions of the same long-range fixed point provides a novel example of infrared duality.
A renormalization-group analysis of critical behavior near a Lifshitz tricritical point (LTP) is presented, with emphasis on the role played by new, momentum-dependent quartic terms. These result in new stable fixed points which determine the critical behavior. For some values of n (the number of order-parameter components) and m (the dimensionality of the ``soft'' subspace, characterized by quartic momentum-dependent inverse correlation functions), the renormalization-group recursion relations have two stable and accessible fixed points. However, one of these can never be reached in practice, due to a thermodynamic instability which results in a first-order phase transition. For m=d-1, one of the fixed points describes the critical dynamics of the usual n-vector spin model in (d-1) dimensions. This dynamic fixed point also characterizes LTP behavior for large n and n=1. In all other cases, the LTP has new exponents, which are not related to the dynamic model. Our results may be relevant to Lifshitz tricritical behavior in RbCaF3{\mathrm{RbCaF}}_{3}RbCaF3​ and in some liquid-crystal systems.
The renormalization group approach is applied to the study of the short-time critical behaviour of the d -dimensional n -component anisotropic cubic spin systems with long-range interaction of the form p σ s p s - p in momentum space. Firstly, the system is quenched from a high temperature to the critical temperature and then relaxes to equilibrium within the model A dynamics. The asymptotic scaling laws and the initial slip exponents θ' and θ of the order parameter and the response function, respectively, are calculated to the second order in = 2σ- d . For 1⩽ d <2σ and n > n c , the cubic anisotropy affects the short-time critical behaviour.
The perturbative approach to the description of long-wavelength excitations at high temperature breaks down near the critical point of a second order phase transition. We study the dynamics of these excitations in a relativistic scalar field theory at and near the critical point via a renormalization group approach at high temperature and an $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion in $d=5\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ space-time dimensions. The long-wavelength physics is determined by a nontrivial fixed point of the renormalization group. At the critical point we find that the dispersion relation and width of quasiparticles of momentum p are ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}\ensuremath{\sim}{p}^{z}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{p}\ensuremath{\sim}(z\ensuremath{-}1){\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p},$ respectively, and the group velocity of quasiparticles ${v}_{g}\ensuremath{\sim}{p}^{z\ensuremath{-}1}$ vanishes in the long-wavelength limit at the critical point. Away from the critical point for $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{T}_{c}$ we find ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}z}[1+(p\ensuremath{\xi}{)}^{2z}{]}^{1/2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{p}\ensuremath{\sim}(z\ensuremath{-}1){\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}(p\ensuremath{\xi}{)}^{2z}/[1+(p\ensuremath{\xi}{)}^{2z}]$ with $\ensuremath{\xi}$ the finite temperature correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\propto}|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}{|}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}}.$ The new dynamical exponent z results from anisotropic renormalization in the spatial and time directions. For a theory with O(N)O(N)O(N) symmetry we find $z=1+\ensuremath{\epsilon}{(N+2)/(N+8)}^{2}+\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}).$ This dynamical critical exponent describes a new universality class for dynamical critical phenomena in quantum field theory. Critical slowing down, i.e., a vanishing width in the long-wavelength limit, and the validity of the quasiparticle picture emerge naturally from this analysis.
Critical points of classical and quantum lattice models are often described by scale-invariant Lifshitz theories which are anisotropic in the continuum limit, as characterized by a dynamical critical exponent z≠1z\neq1z=1. This type of critical behavior can in principle be studied by deforming ordinary z=1z=1z=1 conformal field theories (CFTs) by relevant vector operators breaking the rotational/Lorentz symmetry. In this short note, we consider a two-dimensional system of coupled minimal model CFTs Mm,m+1\mathcal{M}_{m,m+1}Mm,m+1​ which realizes this perspective in a controlled fashion via Zamolodchikov's large mmm expansion. The model turns out to exhibit interesting properties, including a manifold of interacting Lifshitz fixed points and emergent rotational symmetry in the infrared.