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arXiv:2404.10738 · Optica

Quantum teleportation coexisting with classical communications in optical fiber

Jordan M. Thomas, Fei Yeh, Jim Hao Chen, Joe Mambretti, Scott J. Kohlert, Gregory S. Kanter, Prem Kumar

Published Oct 28, 2024• 47 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The ability for quantum and conventional networks to operate in the same optical fibers would aid the deployment of quantum network technology on a large scale. Quantum teleportation is a fundamental operation in quantum networking, but has yet to be demonstrated in fibers populated with high-power conventional optical signals. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of quantum teleportation over fibers carrying conventional telecommunications traffic. Quantum state transfer is achieved over a 30.2-km fiber carrying 400-Gbps C-band classical traffic with a Bell state measurement performed at the fiber’s midpoint. To protect quantum fidelity from spontaneous Raman scattering noise, we use optimal O-band quantum channels, narrow spectro-temporal filtering, and multi-photon coincidence detection. Fidelity is shown to be well maintained with an elevated C-band launch power of 18.7 dBm for the single-channel 400-Gbps signal, which we project could support multiple classical channels totaling many terabits/s aggregate data rates. These results show the feasibility of advanced quantum and classical network applications operating within a unified fiber infrastructure.

DOI
10.1364/optica.540362

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The ability for quantum and conventional networks to operate in the same optical fibers would aid the deployment of quantum network technology on a large scale. Quantum teleportation is a fundamental operation in quantum networking, but has yet to be demonstrated in fibers populated with high-power conventional optical signals. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of quantum teleportation over fibers carrying conventional telecommunications traffic. Quantum state transfer is achieved over a 30.2-km fiber carrying 400-Gbps C-band classical traffic with a Bell state measurement performed at the fiber’s midpoint. To protect quantum fidelity from spontaneous Raman scattering noise, we use optimal O-band quantum channels, narrow spectro-temporal filtering, and multi-photon coincidence detection. Fidelity is shown to be well maintained with an elevated C-band launch power of 18.7 dBm for the single-channel 400-Gbps signal, which we project could support multiple classical channels totaling many terabits/s aggregate data rates. These results show the feasibility of advanced quantum and classical network applications operating within a unified fiber infrastructure.
Compatibility with existing classical network infrastructure offers a scalable path towards deploying large-scale quantum networks. Here, we demonstrate O-band polarization-encoded quantum entanglement distribution over an installed 24.4-km fiber while coexisting with a state-of-the-art fully-loaded C-band classical communications line system and a picosecond-level precision L-band synchronization signal. The classical system carries two 800-Gbps channels while the remainder of the C-band is filled with amplified spontaneous emission, as is standard for such state-of-the-art communications systems. We examine the spontaneous Raman scattering spectrum generated from this broadband C-band light and offer insights into wavelength allocation for O-band quantum channels. Optimal wavelength selection and narrow filtering enable well-preserved Bell state fidelity when coexisting with 21.4-dBm aggregate launch power across the C-band suitable for 36-Tbps transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of entanglement-based quantum communications between two remote nodes coexisting with independent classical communications traffic. We demonstrate coexistence of quantum entanglement with ultra-high power levels and record classical bandwidth, offering promise for real-world entanglement-based networking integrated within high-capacity communications infrastructure.
Quantum networks are resources for scaling quantum computers and distributed sensing technologies while offering post-quantum security benefits. Teleporting non-classical resources like entanglement, via so called entanglement swapping, is essential for networks in particular overcoming rate-loss limits via quantum repeaters. Deploying these systems on real infrastructure will likely require multiplexing photonic qubits into fibers carrying 'classical' light encoding standard Internet communications and control plane signals for multi-node quantum protocols. Here, we report the first demonstration of entanglement swapping and conventional communications operating over the same fibers. Entanglement is swapped across a five-node quantum relay topology connected by four long-distance fibers, each populated with classical data signals. Time-bin entangled photons in the C-band are multiplexed alongside C-band classical signals using dense-wavelength division multiplexing, introducing noise photons generated by high-power classical light. We experimentally and theoretically characterize the trade-off between quantum fidelity and Raman noise photons. Entanglement swapping is demonstrated over a maximum fiber length of 40 km (four 10-km fibers) while simultaneously transmitting 10-Gbps classical data through all fibers. These results represent a significant advancement in the demonstrated complexity of coexisting quantum and classical networks and provide a roadmap for achieving the widespread deployment of advanced quantum technologies.
As quantum technologies mature, telecommunication operators have a clear opportunity to unlock and scale new services by providing the connectivity layer that links quantum computers, sensors, clocks, and other quantum devices. Realizing this opportunity requires demonstrating quantum networking protocols, including quantum teleportation, under real-world conditions on existing telecom infrastructure. In this work, we demonstrate quantum teleportation over Deutsche Telekom's metropolitan fiber testbed in Berlin using commercial components deployed at the telecom datacenter. A local Bell-state measurement between 795 nm photons from a weak coherent source and from a bichromatic warm-atom entangled photon source enables conditional state transfer onto an O-band photon, which is transmitted through a 30-km field-deployed fiber loop under real-world environmental conditions. The teleported state is reconstructed after propagation via state tomography, achieving an average teleportation fidelity of 90\% on the deployed link. System performance is evaluated in both the absence and the presence of co-propagating C-band classical traffic within the same fiber, demonstrating compatibility with wavelength-division multiplexed telecom infrastructure carrying live data channels.