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arXiv:2403.14511 · Physical Review Letters

Self-Assembled Chains and Solids of Dipolar Atoms in a Multilayer

G. Guijarro, G. E. Astrakharchik, Giovanna Morigi, Jordi Boronat

Published Dec 2, 2024• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We predict that ultracold bosonic dipolar gases, confined within a multilayer geometry, may undergo self-assembling processes, leading to the formation of chain gases and solids. These dipolar chains, with dipoles aligned across different layers, emerge at low densities and resemble phases observed in liquid crystals, such as nematic and smectic phases. We calculate the phase diagram using quantum Monte Carlo methods, introducing a newly devised trial wave function designed for describing the chain gas, where dipoles from different layers form chains without in-plane long-range order. We find gas, solid, and chain phases, along with quantum phase transitions between these states. Specifically, we predict the existence of quantum phase transitions from gaseous to self-ordered phases, as the interlayer distance is decreased. Remarkably, in the self-organized phases, the mean interparticle distance can significantly exceed the characteristic length of the interaction potential, yielding solids and chain gases with densities several orders of magnitude lower than those of conventional quantum solids.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.133.233402

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We predict that ultracold bosonic dipolar gases, confined within a multilayer geometry, may undergo self-assembling processes, leading to the formation of chain gases and solids. These dipolar chains, with dipoles aligned across different layers, emerge at low densities and resemble phases observed in liquid crystals, such as nematic and smectic phases. We calculate the phase diagram using quantum Monte Carlo methods, introducing a newly devised trial wave function designed for describing the chain gas, where dipoles from different layers form chains without in-plane long-range order. We find gas, solid, and chain phases, along with quantum phase transitions between these states. Specifically, we predict the existence of quantum phase transitions from gaseous to self-ordered phases, as the interlayer distance is decreased. Remarkably, in the self-organized phases, the mean interparticle distance can significantly exceed the characteristic length of the interaction potential, yielding solids and chain gases with densities several orders of magnitude lower than those of conventional quantum solids.
We study the ground-state phase diagram of ultracold dipolar gases in highly anisotropic traps. Starting from a one-dimensional geometry, by ramping down the transverse confinement along one direction, the gas reaches various planar distributions of dipoles. At large linear densities, when the dipolar gas exhibits a crystal-like phase, critical values of the transverse frequency exist below which the configuration exhibits transverse patterns. These critical values are found by means of a classical theory, and are in full agreement with classical Monte Carlo simulations. The study of the quantum system is performed numerically with Monte Carlo techniques and shows that the quantum fluctuations smoothen the transition and make it completely disappear in a gas phase. These predictions could be experimentally tested and would allow one to reveal the effect of zero-point motion on self-organized mesoscopic structures of matter waves, such as the transverse pattern of the zigzag chain.
We show that ultradilute quantum liquids can be formed with ultracold bosonic dipolar atoms in a bilayer geometry. Contrary to previous realizations of ultradilute liquids, there is no need for stabilizing the system with an additional repulsive short-range potential. The advantage of the proposed system is that dipolar interactions on their own are sufficient for creation of a self-bound state and no additional short-range potential is needed for the stabilization. We perform quantum Monte Carlo simulations and find a rich ground-state phase diagram that contains quantum phase transitions between liquid, solid, atomic gas, and molecular gas phases. The stabilization mechanism of the liquid phase is consistent with the microscopic scenario in which the effective dimer-dimer attraction is balanced by an effective three-dimer repulsion. The equilibrium density of the liquid, which is extremely small, can be controlled by the interlayer distance. From the equation of state, we extract the spinodal density, below which the homogeneous system breaks into droplets. Our results offer a new example of a two-dimensional interacting dipolar liquid in a clean and highly controllable setup.
We study, by first-principles computer simulations, the low-temperature phase diagram of bosonic dipolar gases in a bilayer geometry as a function of the two control parameters, i.e., the in-plane density and the interlayer distance. We observe four distinct phases, namely, paired and decoupled superfluids, as well as a crystal of dimers and one consisting of two aligned crystalline layers. A direct quantum phase transition from a dimer crystal to two independent superfluids is observed in a relatively wide range of parameters. No supersolid phase is predicted for this system.
We show that ultradilute quantum liquids can be formed with ultracold bosonic dipolar atoms in a bilayer geometry. Contrary to previous realizations of ultradilute liquids, there is no need for stabilizing the system with an additional repulsive short-range potential. The advantage of the proposed system is that dipolar interactions on their own are sufficient for creation of a self-bound state and no additional short-range potential is needed for the stabilization. We perform quantum Monte Carlo simulations and find a rich ground-state phase diagram that contains quantum phase transitions between liquid, solid, atomic gas, and molecular gas phases. The stabilization mechanism of the liquid phase is consistent with the microscopic scenario in which the effective dimer-dimer attraction is balanced by an effective three-dimer repulsion. The equilibrium density of the liquid, which is extremely small, can be controlled by the interlayer distance. From the equation of state, we extract the spinodal density, below which the homogeneous system breaks into droplets. Our results offer a new example of a two-dimensional interacting dipolar liquid in a clean and highly controllable setup.
We propose an experimental scheme to effectively assemble chains of dipolar gases with a uniform length in a multi-layer system.The obtained dipolar chains can form a chain crystal with the system temperature easily controlled by the initial lattice potential and the external field strength during processing.When the density of chains increases, we further observe a second order quantum phase transition for the chain crystal to be dissociated toward layers of 2D crystal, where the quantum fluctuation dominates the classical energy and the compressibility diverges at the phase boundary.The experimental implication of such a dipolar chain crystal and its quantum phase transition is also discussed.
We study by quantum Monte Carlo simulations the low-temperature phase diagram of dipolar bosons confined to one dimension, with dipole moments aligned along the direction of particle motion. A hard-core repulsive potential of varying range ($\ensuremath{\sigma}$) is added to the dipolar interaction, in order to ensure stability of the system against collapse. In the $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit the physics of the system is dominated by the potential energy and the ground state is quasicrystalline; as $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is increased the attractive part of the interaction weakens and the equilibrium phase evolves from quasicrystalline to a nonsuperfluid liquid. At a critical value ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$, the kinetic energy becomes dominant and the system undergoes a quantum phase transition from a self-bound liquid to a gas. In the gaseous phase with $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$, at low density attractive interactions bring the system into a ``weak'' superfluid regime. However, gas-liquid coexistence also occurs, as a result of which the topologically protected superfluid regime is not approached.