Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2403.08584

Local Binary and Multiclass SVMs Trained on a Quantum Annealer

Enrico Zardini, Amer Delilbasic, Enrico Blanzieri, Gabriele Cavallaro, Davide Pastorello

Published Mar 13, 2024• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Support vector machines (SVMs) are widely used machine learning models (e.g., in remote sensing), with formulations for both classification and regression tasks. In the last years, with the advent of working quantum annealers, hybrid SVM models characterised by quantum training and classical execution have been introduced. These models have demonstrated comparable performance to their classical counterparts. However, they are limited in the training set size due to the restricted connectivity of the current quantum annealers. Hence, to take advantage of large datasets (like those related to Earth observation), a strategy is required. In the classical domain, local SVMs, namely, SVMs trained on the data samples selected by a k-nearest neighbors model, have already proven successful. Here, the local application of quantum-trained SVM models is proposed and empirically assessed. In particular, this approach allows overcoming the constraints on the training set size of the quantum-trained models while enhancing their performance. In practice, the FaLK-SVM method, designed for efficient local SVMs, has been combined with quantum-trained SVM models for binary and multiclass classification. In addition, for comparison, FaLK-SVM has been interfaced for the first time with a classical single-step multiclass SVM model (CS SVM). Concerning the empirical evaluation, D-Wave's quantum annealers and real-world datasets taken from the remote sensing domain have been employed. The results have shown the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed approach, but also its practical applicability in a real-world large-scale scenario.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2403.08584

Related papers

Local Binary and Multiclass SVMs Trained on a Quantum Annealer

Enrico Zardini, Amer Delilbasic, Enrico Blanzieri +2 more

Support vector machines (SVMs) are widely used machine learning models, with formulations for both classification and regression tasks. In the last years, with the advent of working quantum annealers, hybrid SVM models characterized by quantum training and classical execution have been introduced. These models have demonstrated comparable performance to their classical counterparts. However, they are limited in the training set size due to the restricted connectivity of the current quantum annealers. Hence, to take advantage of large datasets, a strategy is required. In the classical domain, local SVMs, namely, SVMs trained on the data samples selected by a$k$-nearest neighbors model, have already proven successful. Here, the local application of quantum-trained SVM models is proposed and empirically assessed. In particular, this approach allows overcoming the constraints on the training set size of the quantum-trained models while enhancing their performance. In practice, the fast local kernel support vector machine (FaLK-SVM) method, designed for efficient local SVMs, has been combined with quantum-trained SVM models for binary and multiclass classification. In addition, for comparison, FaLK-SVM has been interfaced for the first time with a classical single-step multiclass SVM model. Concerning the empirical evaluation, D-Wave's quantum annealers and real-world datasets taken from the remote sensing domain have been employed. The results have shown the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed approach, but also its practical applicability in a real-world large-scale scenario.

IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering•Jan 1, 2024•7 citations

A Single-Step Multiclass SVM Based on Quantum Annealing for Remote Sensing Data Classification

Amer Delilbasic, Bertrand Le Saux, Morris Riedel +2 more

In recent years, the development of quantum annealers has enabled experimental demonstrations and has increased research interest in applications of quantum annealing, such as in quantum machine learning and in particular for the popular quantum Support Vector Machine (SVM). Several versions of the quantum SVM have been proposed, and quantum annealing has been shown to be effective in them. Extensions to multiclass problems have also been made, which consist of an ensemble of multiple binary classifiers. This work proposes a novel quantum SVM formulation for direct multiclass classification based on quantum annealing, called Quantum Multiclass SVM (QMSVM). The multiclass classification problem is formulated as a single quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem solved with quantum annealing. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility, accuracy, and time performance of this approach. Experiments have been performed on the D-Wave Advantage quantum annealer for a classification problem on remote sensing data. Results indicate that, despite the memory demands of the quantum annealer, QMSVM can achieve an accuracy that is comparable to standard SVM methods, such as the one-versus-one (OVO), depending on the dataset (compared to OVO: 0.8663 vs 0.8598 on Toulouse, 0.8123 vs 0.8521 on Potsdam). More importantly, it scales much more efficiently with the number of training examples, resulting in nearly constant time (compared to OVO: 85.72s vs 248.02s on Toulouse, 58.89s vs 580.17s on Potsdam). This work shows an approach for bringing together classical and quantum computation, solving practical problems in remote sensing with current hardware.

IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing•Nov 28, 2023•42 citations

A Single-Step Multiclass SVM based on Quantum Annealing for Remote Sensing Data Classification

Amer Delilbasic, Bertrand Le Saux, Morris Riedel +2 more

In recent years, the development of quantum annealers has enabled experimental demonstrations and has increased research interest in applications of quantum annealing, such as in quantum machine learning and in particular for the popular quantum SVM. Several versions of the quantum SVM have been proposed, and quantum annealing has been shown to be effective in them. Extensions to multiclass problems have also been made, which consist of an ensemble of multiple binary classifiers. This work proposes a novel quantum SVM formulation for direct multiclass classification based on quantum annealing, called Quantum Multiclass SVM (QMSVM). The multiclass classification problem is formulated as a single Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem solved with quantum annealing. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility, accuracy, and time performance of this approach. Experiments have been performed on the D-Wave Advantage quantum annealer for a classification problem on remote sensing data. The results indicate that, despite the memory demands of the quantum annealer, QMSVM can achieve accuracy that is comparable to standard SVM methods and, more importantly, it scales much more efficiently with the number of training examples, resulting in nearly constant time. This work shows an approach for bringing together classical and quantum computation, solving practical problems in remote sensing with current hardware.

arXiv:2303.11705•Mar 21, 2023•2 citations

Approaching Remote Sensing Image Classification with Ensembles of Support Vector Machines on the D-Wave Quantum Annealer

Gabriele Cavallaro, Dennis Willsch, Madita Willsch +2 more

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a popular supervised Machine Learning (ML) method that is widely used for classification and regression problems. Recently, a method to train SVMs on a D-Wave 2000Q Quantum Annealer (QA) was proposed for binary classification of some biological data. First, ensembles of weak quantum SVMs are generated by training each classifier on a disjoint training subset that can be fit into the QA. Then, the computed weak solutions are fused for making predictions on unseen data. In this work, the classification of Remote Sensing (RS) multispectral images with SVMs trained on a QA is discussed. Furthermore, an open code repository is released to facilitate an early entry into the practical application of QA, a new disruptive compute technology.

IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)•Sep 26, 2020•53 citations

Classical, Quantum, and Hybrid Quantum-Classical SVMs for Binary Medical Classification

Divyanshu Ranjan, Devendra Joshi

This paper presents an empirical comparison of pure quantum, hybrid quantum-classical, and classical support vector machines (SVMs) for binary medical classification on the Breast Cancer Wisconsin dataset. Taking advantage of uniform data preprocessing and feature selection, our hybrid QSVM with quantum kernel mapping coupled with classical optimization achieves accuracy of 98.25% compared with the classical SVM (94.74%) and pure quantum SVM (93.86%). In-depth benchmarking incorporates accuracy, recall, F1-score, and training time, exposing accuracy/computational cost trade-offs. We discuss how dimensionality of features and kernel selection influence model scalability and performance. Albeit constrained to a single dataset and simulation, this work enhances knowledge about hybrid quantum SVM benefits and real-world implications. Future efforts will seek to expand benchmarking to other datasets, include real quantum hardware assessment, and create explanation methods to improve interpretability and clinical usability.

IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Energy, Signal Processing and Cyber Security (iSSSC)•Nov 6, 2025•1 citation

Quantum Annealing based SVM Outperforms Classical SVM in Cloud Feature Remote Sensing Image Classification

Indranil Misra, S. Manthira Moorthi, Debajyoti Dhar

The increasing complexity and volume of remote sensing data necessitate advanced computational techniques for efficient and accurate image classification. This study explores the efficacy of Quantum Annealing based Support Vector Machines (QASVM) in comparison to classical Support Vector Machines (SVM) for classifying cloud features in remote sensing images. Quantum annealing, leveraging principles of quantum mechanics, promises to solve optimization problems more efficiently and accurately than classical methods, particularly in high-dimensional data spaces typical of remote sensing applications. Our experimental framework involved the classification of cloud features using a comprehensive dataset of Indian Nano Satellite (INS-2B) Nano-MX satellite imagery. The QA-SVM is implemented on a D-Wave quantum annealer based on the Adiabatic Quantum Computation (AQC) model, while the classical SVM utilizes a traditional computing setup. Performance metrics, including overall accuracy and F1 score, are evaluated. The results demonstrated that QA-SVM achieved higher overall accuracy and F1 score compared to its classical counterpart on the Nano-MX test image. It is found that the overall accuracy of QA-SVM is increased by 6.7% while the F1 score is increased by 4.5% with respect to classical SVM. This performance gain is attributed to the quantum annealer’s ability to explore a vast solution space more effectively, avoiding local minima that often hinder classical SVMs.

IEEE India Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (InGARSS)•Dec 2, 2024•0 citations
Support vector machines (SVMs) are widely used machine learning models (e.g., in remote sensing), with formulations for both classification and regression tasks. In the last years, with the advent of working quantum annealers, hybrid SVM models characterised by quantum training and classical execution have been introduced. These models have demonstrated comparable performance to their classical counterparts. However, they are limited in the training set size due to the restricted connectivity of the current quantum annealers. Hence, to take advantage of large datasets (like those related to Earth observation), a strategy is required. In the classical domain, local SVMs, namely, SVMs trained on the data samples selected by a k-nearest neighbors model, have already proven successful. Here, the local application of quantum-trained SVM models is proposed and empirically assessed. In particular, this approach allows overcoming the constraints on the training set size of the quantum-trained models while enhancing their performance. In practice, the FaLK-SVM method, designed for efficient local SVMs, has been combined with quantum-trained SVM models for binary and multiclass classification. In addition, for comparison, FaLK-SVM has been interfaced for the first time with a classical single-step multiclass SVM model (CS SVM). Concerning the empirical evaluation, D-Wave's quantum annealers and real-world datasets taken from the remote sensing domain have been employed. The results have shown the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed approach, but also its practical applicability in a real-world large-scale scenario.
Support vector machines (SVMs) are widely used machine learning models, with formulations for both classification and regression tasks. In the last years, with the advent of working quantum annealers, hybrid SVM models characterized by quantum training and classical execution have been introduced. These models have demonstrated comparable performance to their classical counterparts. However, they are limited in the training set size due to the restricted connectivity of the current quantum annealers. Hence, to take advantage of large datasets, a strategy is required. In the classical domain, local SVMs, namely, SVMs trained on the data samples selected by akkk-nearest neighbors model, have already proven successful. Here, the local application of quantum-trained SVM models is proposed and empirically assessed. In particular, this approach allows overcoming the constraints on the training set size of the quantum-trained models while enhancing their performance. In practice, the fast local kernel support vector machine (FaLK-SVM) method, designed for efficient local SVMs, has been combined with quantum-trained SVM models for binary and multiclass classification. In addition, for comparison, FaLK-SVM has been interfaced for the first time with a classical single-step multiclass SVM model. Concerning the empirical evaluation, D-Wave's quantum annealers and real-world datasets taken from the remote sensing domain have been employed. The results have shown the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed approach, but also its practical applicability in a real-world large-scale scenario.
In recent years, the development of quantum annealers has enabled experimental demonstrations and has increased research interest in applications of quantum annealing, such as in quantum machine learning and in particular for the popular quantum Support Vector Machine (SVM). Several versions of the quantum SVM have been proposed, and quantum annealing has been shown to be effective in them. Extensions to multiclass problems have also been made, which consist of an ensemble of multiple binary classifiers. This work proposes a novel quantum SVM formulation for direct multiclass classification based on quantum annealing, called Quantum Multiclass SVM (QMSVM). The multiclass classification problem is formulated as a single quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem solved with quantum annealing. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility, accuracy, and time performance of this approach. Experiments have been performed on the D-Wave Advantage quantum annealer for a classification problem on remote sensing data. Results indicate that, despite the memory demands of the quantum annealer, QMSVM can achieve an accuracy that is comparable to standard SVM methods, such as the one-versus-one (OVO), depending on the dataset (compared to OVO: 0.8663 vs 0.8598 on Toulouse, 0.8123 vs 0.8521 on Potsdam). More importantly, it scales much more efficiently with the number of training examples, resulting in nearly constant time (compared to OVO: 85.72s vs 248.02s on Toulouse, 58.89s vs 580.17s on Potsdam). This work shows an approach for bringing together classical and quantum computation, solving practical problems in remote sensing with current hardware.
In recent years, the development of quantum annealers has enabled experimental demonstrations and has increased research interest in applications of quantum annealing, such as in quantum machine learning and in particular for the popular quantum SVM. Several versions of the quantum SVM have been proposed, and quantum annealing has been shown to be effective in them. Extensions to multiclass problems have also been made, which consist of an ensemble of multiple binary classifiers. This work proposes a novel quantum SVM formulation for direct multiclass classification based on quantum annealing, called Quantum Multiclass SVM (QMSVM). The multiclass classification problem is formulated as a single Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem solved with quantum annealing. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility, accuracy, and time performance of this approach. Experiments have been performed on the D-Wave Advantage quantum annealer for a classification problem on remote sensing data. The results indicate that, despite the memory demands of the quantum annealer, QMSVM can achieve accuracy that is comparable to standard SVM methods and, more importantly, it scales much more efficiently with the number of training examples, resulting in nearly constant time. This work shows an approach for bringing together classical and quantum computation, solving practical problems in remote sensing with current hardware.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a popular supervised Machine Learning (ML) method that is widely used for classification and regression problems. Recently, a method to train SVMs on a D-Wave 2000Q Quantum Annealer (QA) was proposed for binary classification of some biological data. First, ensembles of weak quantum SVMs are generated by training each classifier on a disjoint training subset that can be fit into the QA. Then, the computed weak solutions are fused for making predictions on unseen data. In this work, the classification of Remote Sensing (RS) multispectral images with SVMs trained on a QA is discussed. Furthermore, an open code repository is released to facilitate an early entry into the practical application of QA, a new disruptive compute technology.
This paper presents an empirical comparison of pure quantum, hybrid quantum-classical, and classical support vector machines (SVMs) for binary medical classification on the Breast Cancer Wisconsin dataset. Taking advantage of uniform data preprocessing and feature selection, our hybrid QSVM with quantum kernel mapping coupled with classical optimization achieves accuracy of 98.25% compared with the classical SVM (94.74%) and pure quantum SVM (93.86%). In-depth benchmarking incorporates accuracy, recall, F1-score, and training time, exposing accuracy/computational cost trade-offs. We discuss how dimensionality of features and kernel selection influence model scalability and performance. Albeit constrained to a single dataset and simulation, this work enhances knowledge about hybrid quantum SVM benefits and real-world implications. Future efforts will seek to expand benchmarking to other datasets, include real quantum hardware assessment, and create explanation methods to improve interpretability and clinical usability.
The increasing complexity and volume of remote sensing data necessitate advanced computational techniques for efficient and accurate image classification. This study explores the efficacy of Quantum Annealing based Support Vector Machines (QASVM) in comparison to classical Support Vector Machines (SVM) for classifying cloud features in remote sensing images. Quantum annealing, leveraging principles of quantum mechanics, promises to solve optimization problems more efficiently and accurately than classical methods, particularly in high-dimensional data spaces typical of remote sensing applications. Our experimental framework involved the classification of cloud features using a comprehensive dataset of Indian Nano Satellite (INS-2B) Nano-MX satellite imagery. The QA-SVM is implemented on a D-Wave quantum annealer based on the Adiabatic Quantum Computation (AQC) model, while the classical SVM utilizes a traditional computing setup. Performance metrics, including overall accuracy and F1 score, are evaluated. The results demonstrated that QA-SVM achieved higher overall accuracy and F1 score compared to its classical counterpart on the Nano-MX test image. It is found that the overall accuracy of QA-SVM is increased by 6.7% while the F1 score is increased by 4.5% with respect to classical SVM. This performance gain is attributed to the quantum annealer’s ability to explore a vast solution space more effectively, avoiding local minima that often hinder classical SVMs.