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arXiv:2403.08422 · Physical Review A

Stochastic action for the entanglement of a noisy monitored two-qubit system

Dominic Shea, Alessandro Romito

Published Jan 28, 2025• 2 citations
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Abstract

We study the effect of local unitary noise on the entanglement evolution of a two-qubit system subject to local monitoring and interqubit coupling by constructing a suitable stochastic path integral based on the Chantasri-Dressel-Jordan formalism. From this, we identify the optimal entanglement dynamics and deploy a diagrammatic method to find a closed-form approximation for the evolution of the average squared concurrence. We find that the optimal trajectory and diagrammatic expansion capture the oscillations of entanglement at short times. A separate numerical analysis of the long-time steady-state entanglement reveals a nonmonotonic relationship between the concurrence and noise strength.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.111.012442

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We study the effect of local unitary noise on the entanglement evolution of a two-qubit system subject to local monitoring and interqubit coupling by constructing a suitable stochastic path integral based on the Chantasri-Dressel-Jordan formalism. From this, we identify the optimal entanglement dynamics and deploy a diagrammatic method to find a closed-form approximation for the evolution of the average squared concurrence. We find that the optimal trajectory and diagrammatic expansion capture the oscillations of entanglement at short times. A separate numerical analysis of the long-time steady-state entanglement reveals a nonmonotonic relationship between the concurrence and noise strength.
We present a comprehensive implementation of the quantum trajectory theory for the description of the entanglement dynamics in a Markovian open quantum system made of two qubits. We introduce the average concurrence to characterize the entanglement in the system and derive a deterministic evolution equation for it that depends on the ways in which information is read from the environment. This buildt-in flexibility of the method is used to address two actual issues in quantum information: entanglement protection and entanglement estimation. We identify general physical situations in which an entanglement protection protocol based on local monitoring of the environment can be implemented. Additionally, we methodically find unravelings of the system dynamics providing analytical tight bounds for the unmonitored entanglement in the system at all times. We conclude by showing the independence of the method from the choice of entanglement measure.
We study the evolution of the entanglement of noninteracting qubits coupled to reservoirs under monitoring of the reservoirs by means of continuous measurements. We calculate the average of the concurrence of the qubits wave function over all quantum trajectories. For two qubits coupled to independent baths subjected to local measurements, this average decays exponentially with a rate depending on the measurement scheme only. This contrasts with the known disappearance of entanglement after a finite time for the density matrix in the absence of measurements. For two qubits coupled to a common bath, the mean concurrence can vanish at discrete times. Our analysis applies to arbitrary quantum jump or quantum state diffusion dynamics in the Markov limit. We discuss the best measurement schemes to protect entanglement in specific examples.
We generalize and extend the stochastic path-integral formalism and action principle for continuous quantum measurement introduced in Chantasri, Dressel, and Jordan [Phys. Rev. A 88, 042110 (2013)], where the optimal dynamics, such as the most likely paths, is obtained by extremizing the action of the stochastic path integral. In this work, we apply exact functional methods as well as develop a perturbative approach to investigate the statistical behavior of continuous quantum measurement. Examples are given for the qubit case. For qubit measurement with zero-qubit Hamiltonian, we find analytic solutions for average trajectories and their variances while conditioning on fixed initial and final states. For qubit measurement with unitary evolution, we use the perturbation method to compute expectation values, variances, and multi-time-correlation functions of qubit trajectories in the short-time regime. Moreover, we consider continuous qubit measurement with feedback control, using the action principle to investigate the global dynamics of its most likely paths, and finding that in an ideal case, qubit state stabilization at any desired pure state is possible with linear feedback. We also illustrate the power of the functional method by computing correlation functions for the qubit trajectories with a feedback loop to stabilize the qubit Rabi frequency.
Abstract Entanglement is an essential resource for quantum information processing; however, it is highly susceptible to decoherence induced by environmental interactions. In this work, we investigate the entanglement dynamics of a two-qubit system subjected to Markovian noise and explore the effectiveness of external control fields in preserving quantum correlations. Using the Lindblad master equation, we model the evolution of the system under two decoherence channels, namely, amplitude damping (spontaneous emission) and phase damping (dephasing). We introduce periodic driving and optimal control protocols to mitigate entanglement loss and analyze their impact using concurrence as a quantifier of two-qubit entanglement. Our numerical results reveal certain conditions under which sudden death of entanglement can be delayed or even prevented. Additionally, in the case of the initial state being a mixed state, we identify time regimes where entanglement revival occurs, providing insights into quantum error correction strategies. The results contribute to the broader understanding of quantum coherence preservation and have implications for quantum computing, secure quantum communication, and quantum memory design.
Entanglement is a key resource in quantum information. It can be destroyed or sometimes created by interactions with a reservoir. In recent years, much attention has been devoted to the phenomena of entanglement sudden death and sudden birth, i.e., the sudden disappearance or revival of entanglement at finite times resulting from a coupling of the quantum system to its environment [1, 2, 3]. We investigate the evolution of the entanglement of noninteracting qubits coupled to reservoirs under monitoring of the reservoirs by means of continuous measurements. Because of these measurements, the qubits remain at all times in a pure state, which evolves randomly. To each measurement result (or "realization") corresponds a quantum trajectory in the Hilbert space of the qubits. We show that for two qubits coupled to independent baths subjected to local measurements, the average of the qubits' concurrence over all quantum trajectories is either constant or decays exponentially. The corresponding decay rate depends on the measurement scheme only. This result contrasts with the entanglement sudden death phenomenon exhibited by the qubits' density matrix in the absence of measurements. Our analysis applies to arbitrary quantum jump dynamics (photon counting) as well as to quantum state diffusion (homodyne or heterodyne detections) in the Markov limit. We discuss the best measurement schemes to protect the entanglement of the qubits. We also analyze the case of two qubits coupled to a common bath. Then, the average concurrence can vanish at discrete times and may coincide with the concurrence of the density matrix. The results explained in this article have been presented during the "Fifth International Workshop DICE2010" by the first author and have been the subject of a prior publication [4].