In this work was researched the problems of classicalization and measurement unifying them in a single problem: the problem of collapse, for this purpose was developed a working program -- the classicalization's program -- in an interpretation of objective collapse that was proposed for this purpose, and which overcomes the limitations of the official interpretation. This program explain that the classicization arises by alternating the unitary evolution and the collapses, due to the redistribution of energy, so the classical mechanics emerges as a good approximation; however, was defined deep chaos as the regime where macrosystems are so sensitive to the initial conditions that are affected by the collapses and indeterminism of quantum mechanics, allowing the emergence of thermodynamics with its irreversibility; at this level the observation occurs because the measurement device (classic) extends their collapses at microsystem through quantum entanglement. In this work, was did an extension of the classicalization's program at the black holes, and was explained -- at a level still in development -- about the role of the collapses in its thermodynamic; in addition, the program of quantum decoherence was critized, and was presented a theory of physical information that was developing.
In this work was researched the problems of classicalization and measurement unifying them in a single problem: the problem of collapse, for this purpose was developed a working program -- the classicalization's program -- in an interpretation of objective collapse that was proposed for this purpose, and which overcomes the limitations of the official interpretation. This program explain that the classicization arises by alternating the unitary evolution and the collapses, due to the redistribution of energy, so the classical mechanics emerges as a good approximation; however, was defined deep chaos as the regime where macrosystems are so sensitive to the initial conditions that are affected by the collapses and indeterminism of quantum mechanics, allowing the emergence of thermodynamics with its irreversibility; at this level the observation occurs because the measurement device (classic) extends their collapses at microsystem through quantum entanglement. In this work, was did an extension of the classicalization's program at the black holes, and was explained -- at a level still in development -- about the role of the collapses in its thermodynamic; in addition, the program of quantum decoherence was critized, and was presented a theory of physical information that was developing.
The quantum measurement problem, i.e., the apparent conflict between unitary quantum evolution and non-unitary, stochastic wave-function collapse, remains unresolved a century after the formulation of quantum mechanics. We first review the standard picture, from the Copenhagen prescription with its Heisenberg cut, through von Neumann's movable cut, to environment-induced decoherence, which explains the emergence of stable classical records but still presupposes the Born rule and therefore cannot by itself replace the measurement postulates. We then connect this problem to the Maximum Entropy Principle in two complementary ways. First, decoherence drives the measurement apparatus toward the least biased state compatible with the dynamically protected pointer distribution, so that the emergent collapse may be viewed as a thermodynamic relaxation toward constrained maximum entropy. Second, we propose a Timeless Histories formulation of quantum mechanics in which the primitive objects are ordered sequences of events rather than evolving wave functions. Their conditional probabilities are assigned, relative to specified refinements, by a single Born-Boltzmann rule that combines the quadratic structure of Born's rule with Boltzmann's counting of equally probable microstates. The textbook form of Born's rule, the projection postulate, density operators, and wave functions are then recovered as derived informational constructs, while collapse becomes Bayesian conditioning on recorded events. Time and space enter only subsequently through unitary translation symmetry. Since the probability rule is postulated without reference to any physical collapse or classical observer, the usual circularity of the decoherence program is avoided. Decoherence can then be invoked to explain the stability and approximate additivity of macroscopic records, i.e., the emergence of classicality.
The so-called "measurement problem" in quantum mechanics, which asks about the physical mechanism of wave function collapse and the role of the observer, is presented here not as a theoretical enigma to be solved, but as a pseudo-problem generated by a double categorial error. The first is the projection of a mesoscopic epistemological expectation—the demand for a classical, continuous ontological narrative—onto a formal domain where it does not apply. The second is the reification of first-person subjective experience as a causal actor within physical dynamics. By diagnosing these errors, the traditional problem dissolves. In its place, the program of structural-operative understanding is proposed, redirecting inquiry toward the legitimate scientific question: how do stable, objective, and consensual correlations—what we call "classical facts"—emerge from unitary dynamics and quantum entanglement? This program, already active in decoherence and quantum information theory, redefines "understanding" as architectural mastery of the formalism and predictive-technological competence. It is concluded that quantum mechanics compels an epistemological maturity where deep scientific understanding can be non-narrative and reside in successful interaction with the theory's formal structures.
Abstract: The quantum measurement problem has been the deepest conceptual difficulty since the birth of quantum mechanics. Standard quantum mechanics accepts wavefunction collapse as an independent postulate but never provides a physical explanation. The decoherence approach attributes collapse to the interaction between the system and its environment, but faces two fundamental limitations: the “infinite regress” problem and the “insufficiency of decoherence” problem. Within the framework of the Self-Construction Theory (SCT), this paper provides a complete resolution of the measurement problem. The core thesis is that quantum measurement is not a fundamental process independent of the laws of physical evolution, but rather a local manifestation of constructive renormalization—the scale evolution of the spacetime complex field K from microscopic degrees of freedom to macroscopic effective descriptions. The origins of wavefunction collapse, decoherence, and the Born rule receive a unified first‑principles interpretation in this framework. SCT’s spontaneous decoherence mechanism is the key to the resolution. Constructive renormalization inherently involves information loss—the integrated‑out microscopic degrees of freedom no longer exist in the macroscopic effective description. During a measurement, the measuring apparatus possesses a huge number (∼1023) of microscopic degrees of freedom. When the apparatus interacts with the measured system, constructive renormalization triggers information compression of these degrees of freedom—the apparatus can no longer distinguish which branch of the superposition it is in, and quantum coherence is thus spontaneously lost. No “external environment” is needed—the constructive renormalization dynamics of spacetime itself is the ultimate source of decoherence, thereby completely solving the “infinite regress” problem. Among the probability distribution given by the Born rule, the weights of non‑maximal probability branches are further suppressed by information compression under the huge number of microscopic degrees of freedom, so that macroscopic observers can perceive only a definite outcome in the effective description. The information loss caused by constructive renormalization is ontological—it does not rely on any approximation or truncation, thus fundamentally solving the “insufficiency of decoherence” problem. The Born rule—that measurement outcomes occur with probabilities given by the squared amplitudes—is directly derived from the constructive integral structure in SCT. In the constructive renormalization limit, interference terms between different configurations are naturally suppressed by off‑diagonal phase randomization, and the system automatically switches to a classical probabilistic description. In the diagonal density matrix representation, the squared amplitude is the only natural weight that is simultaneously real and non‑negative. Hence the Born rule is not an additional postulate of quantum mechanics but a necessary and unique manifestation of the relative frequencies of the constructive integral in the constructive renormalization limit. This derivation is rigorous within the mathematical framework of constructive renormalization—it does not rely on any approximations or truncations. SCT’s quantum measurement theory is deeply unified with the black hole information paradox. The “collapse” in quantum measurement and the “information loss” in black hole evaporation are different manifestations of the same core mechanism—the redistribution of information due to constructive renormalization—in two extreme physical situations. In quantum measurement, information is redistributed into the degrees of freedom of the macroscopic apparatus; in black hole evaporation, information is redistributed into the time‑point configurations on the horizon. This unification is the strongest proof of the universality of constructive renormalization as an information‑processing mechanism. Keywords: quantum measurement; spontaneous decoherence; constructive renormalization; Born rule; wavefunction collapse; information redistribution; Self-Construction Theory
This work examines the Copenhagen Interpretation (CI) of quantum mechanics from the perspective of effective models in physics, analyzing its strengths, epistemological limitations, and the apparent violations of conservation laws that should be present during the measurement process.The concept of effective models is explained and a paradigmatic example is developed. Subsequently, this conceptual framework is extended to a critical study of the CI, examining the wavefunction collapse postulate and its implications for energy conservation. Three theoretical alternatives are reviewed: quantum decoherence, Everett's many-worlds interpretation (MWI), and quantum field theory (QFT).The analysis demonstrates that the CI, although computationally effective and widely used, presents fundamental inconsistencies by treating measurement as an abstract collapse that apparently violates energy conservation. The studied alternatives resolve these problems: decoherence provides a natural dynamical mechanism for loss of coherence; the MWI preserves global conservation through deterministic branching of the universal state vector; and QFT reformulates the process as local interactions between fields without the need for collapse postulates.The CI functions as a pedagogically useful but theoretically incomplete effective model. It is recommended that teaching incorporate a critical perspective that recognizes its limitations and presents more rigorous alternative interpretations, promoting a more complete and well-founded understanding of quantum mechanics.Este trabajo examina la Interpretación de Copenhague (IC) de la mecánica cuántica desde la perspectiva de los modelos efectivos en física, analizando sus fortalezas, limitaciones epistemológicas y las aparentes violaciones de leyes de conservación que deberían estar presentes durante el proceso de medida.Se explica qué son los modelos efectivos y se desarrolla un ejemplo paradigmático. Posteriormente, este marco conceptual se extiende al estudio crítico de la IC, examinando el postulado del colapso de la función de onda y sus implicaciones para la conservación de la energía. Se revisan tres alternativas teóricas: la decoherencia cuántica, la interpretación de muchos mundos de Everett (MWI) y la teoría cuántica de campos (QFT).El análisis demuestra que la IC, aunque computacionalmente efectiva y ampliamente utilizada, presenta inconsistencias fundamentales al tratar la medida como un colapso abstracto que aparentemente viola la conservación la energía. Las alternativas estudiadas resuelven estas problemáticas: la decoherencia proporciona un mecanismo dinámico natural para la pérdida de coherencia; la MWI preserva la conservación global mediante ramificación determinista del vector de estado universal; y la QFT reformula el proceso como interacciones locales entre campos sin necesidad de postulados de colapso.La IC funciona como un modelo efectivo pedagógicamente útil pero teóricamente incompleto. Se recomienda incorporar en la enseñanza una perspectiva crítica que reconozca sus limitaciones y presente las interpretaciones alternativas más rigurosas, promoviendo una comprensión más completa y fundamentada de la mecánica cuántica.
Endeavoring to formulate an exhaustive solution to the measurement problem in view of the theory of decoherence leads to a better understanding of the status of the collapse and of the emergence of classicality, thanks to a precise definition of the measurement and some new vocabulary to speak about quantum mechanics. Considering the latter as a probabilistic theory all along allows us to avoid the usual probability problem of the many-worlds interpretations. A thorough verification of the consistency of quantum mechanics at all scales is proposed, as well as a discussion of what can be deemed an observer.
According to recent estimates, 10^18 bytes of data are generated on a daily basis around the globe. Our information society urges for radical solutions to treat such data deluge. By exploiting fundamental key elements of quantum theory -arguably the most probed theory of modern physics- quantum information science is nowadays revolutionizing the way in which we acquire, process, store and transmit information. In the midst of the information era, the potential of quantum technologies is being recognized by the industry sector, and in turn, new capabilities for quantum information processing keep driving exciting discoveries related to more fundamental aspects of science. There are several research programs all around the world fostering the development and commercialization of quantum technologies, mostly for cryptographic and randomness generation duties. Thus, the technological limitations that today step us aside from the quantum information era are gradually being overcome. But there is a fundamental issue that still needs to be faced: the impossibility to know what is really going on in quantum experiments, due to their atomic-scale dimensions. Indeed, how will an average user guarantee the proper functioning of a quantum device that has been purchased from an external company? To his eyes, the device will merely look like a black box. Even if the customer holds a PhD in quantum science, the issue will remain fundamentally cumbersome because of the impossibility to fully control, i.e. monitor, all the physical processes occurring in any quantum experiment. Furthermore, the situation turns even more dramatic when considering adversarial applications, where a malicious eavesdropper could break the devices to manipulate their internal working, turning the protocol insecure and hence irrelevant as well. Therefore, it is the purpose of this Thesis to contribute to the experimental development of quantum information protocols with uncharacterized devices, namely, device-independent quantum information protocols. These protocols are naturally immune to any attack or failure related to mismatches between protocol theory and its actual implementation. This is achieved throughout the different Chapters by pursuing the following three overlapping duties: (i) To broaden theoretic capabilities by establishing a richer understanding of relevant fundamental resources lying at the basis of the theory of quantum information with uncharacterized devices. (ii) To develop competitive quantum information protocols by finding an adequate trade-off between high-performance and practicability; between the power of the device-independent framework and its less demanding, so-called semi-device-independent, relaxations. (iii) To analyze and improve experimental conditions of diverse physical setups in order to carry out implementations in proof-of-principle experiments demonstrating quantum information protocols with black boxes. Our objective of turning the theory of quantum information into a graspable technology for our society through the development and implementation of protocols based on the minimalist, user-friendly, black-box paradigm contributes not only to the technological development of these protocols, but it also offers valuable insights on more fundamental aspects of quantum theory. In this sense, we contribute to the characterization and quantification of entanglement -the pivotal quantum resource at the basis of most testable phenomena without classical account- in scenarios of practical interest where uncharacterized devices are used. From the more applied perspective, we contribute to the development of two specific information tasks: the certification of genuinely random numbers in device-independent and semi-device-independent scenarios, and the generation of a shared secret key among two parties in a full device-independent manner. De acuerdo con estimaciones recientes, 10^18 bytes de datos se generan diariamente alrededor del mundo. Nuestra sociedad necesita urgentemente soluciones efectivas para lidiar con este diluvio de datos. Utilizando elementos fundamentales de la teoría cuántica -la teoría más explorada de la física moderna, posiblemente- la información cuántica está revolucionando la forma en la que adquirimos, procesamos, almacenamos y transmitimos información. En plena era de la información, el sector industrial reconoce cada vez más el potencial de las tecnologías cuánticas, y a su vez nuevos desarrollos en el procesamiento de la información cuántica continúan impulsando descubrimientos prominentes relacionados con aspectos científcos de carácter más fundamental. Existen varios programas de investigación alrededor del mundo desarrollando y comercializando tecnologías cuánticas, principalmente para aplicaciones de criptografía y generación de números aleatorios. Así, las limitaciones que hoy nos separan de la era de la información cuántica están siendo gradualmente superadas. Sin embargo, existe un problema fundamental que aún necesita ser enfrentado: la imposibilidad de saber lo que realmente sucede en un experimento cuántico, debido a sus dimensiones de tamaño atómico. En efecto, ¿cómo podrá un usuario garantizar el funcionamiento adecuado de un dispositivo cuántico que ha sido adquirido a través de una compañía externa? A sus ojos el dispositivo será una verdadera caja negra. Incluso si el usuario contara con un Doctorado en ciencia cuántica, el problema prevalecería insoluble debido a la imposibilidad de controlar a la perfección, es decir monitorear, todos los procesos físicos que ocurren en cualquier experimento cuántico. Además, la situación se vuelve aún más dramática si se piensa en aplicaciones en donde un agente maligno pudiese hackear los dispositivos y manipular su funcionamiento interno, volviendo así el protocolo en cuestión inseguro y por ende también irrelevante. El propósito de esta Tesis es entonces contribuir al desarrollo experimental de protocolos de información cuántica con dispositivos sin caracterizar, llamados "device-independent". Estos protocolos son, por naturaleza, immunes a cualquier ataque o falla relacionada con desajustes entre la teoría y la implementación del protocolo. Esto se logra a lo largo de los diferentes Capítulos prosiguiendo las siguientes tres tareas que en ocasiones se traslapan: (i) Ampliar las capacidades teóricas estableciendo un entendimiento mayor de los recursos fundamentales de la teoría de la información cuántica con dispositivos sin caracterizar. (ii) Desarrollar protocolos de información cuántica competitivos, encontrando un intercambio adecuado entre alto rendimiento y practicabilidad; entre el poder del marco de trabajo device-independent y sus menos demandantes versiones, dichas "semi-device-independent". (iii) Analizar y mejorar las condiciones experimentales de diversas plataformas para llevar a cabo implementaciones en experimentos de prueba de principio, demostrando la realización de protocolos de información cuántica con cajas negras. Nuestro objetivo de convertir la teoría de la información cuántica en una tecnología tangible para nuestra sociedad a través del uso de dispositivos sin caracterizar contribuye no solamente al desarrollo tecnológico de estos protocolos, sino que también ofrece una visión valiosa de aspectos más fundamental. En este sentido, contribuimos a la caracterización y cuantificación del entrelazamiento -el recurso cuántico fundamental de muchos fenómenos sin contraparte clásica- en escenarios de interés práctico en dónde se consideran dispositivos sin caracterizar. Desde la perspectiva más aplicada, contribuimos al desarrollo de dos tareas específicas: la certificación de números genuinamente aleatorios en escenarios device-independent y semi-device-independent, y la generación de una llave secreta entre dos partes de manera device-independent.