The Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (HyQNNs) hold great promise for various quantum machine learning tasks, but their performance can be significantly affected by the quantum noise in NISQ devices. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze the influence of different quantum noise gates, including Phase Flip, Bit Flip, Phase Damping, Amplitude Damping, and the Depolarizing Channel, on the performance of HyQNNs. Our results reveal distinct and significant effects on HyQNNs training and validation accuracies across different probabilities of noise. For instance, the Phase Flip gate introduces phase errors, and we observe that HyQNNs exhibit resilience at higher probability (p = 1.0), adapting effectively to consistent noise patterns, whereas at intermediate probabilities, the performance declines. Bit Flip errors, represented by the Pauli X gate, impact HyQNNs in a similar way to that Phase Flip error gate. The HyQNNs, can adapt such kind of errors at maximum probability (p = 1.0). Unlike Phase and Bit Flip error gates, Phase Damping and Amplitude Damping gates disrupt quantum information, with HyQNNs demonstrating resilience at lower probabilities but facing challenges at higher probabilities. Amplitude Damping, in particular, poses efficiency and accuracy issues at higher probabilities, however with lowest probability (p =0.1),it has the least effect, i.e., HyQNNs, although not very effectively, but still tends to learn. The Depolarizing Channel proves most detrimental to HyQNNs performance, with limited or no training improvements. There was no training potential observed regardless of the probability of this noise gate. These findings underscore the critical need for advanced quantum error mitigation and resilience strategies in the design and training of HyQNNs, especially in environments prone to depolarizing noise. This paper quantitatively investigate that understanding the impact of quantum noise gates is essential for harnessing the full potential of quantum computing in practical applications.
The Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (HyQNNs) hold great promise for various quantum machine learning tasks, but their performance can be significantly affected by the quantum noise in NISQ devices. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze the influence of different quantum noise gates, including Phase Flip, Bit Flip, Phase Damping, Amplitude Damping, and the Depolarizing Channel, on the performance of HyQNNs. Our results reveal distinct and significant effects on HyQNNs training and validation accuracies across different probabilities of noise. For instance, the Phase Flip gate introduces phase errors, and we observe that HyQNNs exhibit resilience at higher probability (p = 1.0), adapting effectively to consistent noise patterns, whereas at intermediate probabilities, the performance declines. Bit Flip errors, represented by the Pauli X gate, impact HyQNNs in a similar way to that Phase Flip error gate. The HyQNNs, can adapt such kind of errors at maximum probability (p = 1.0). Unlike Phase and Bit Flip error gates, Phase Damping and Amplitude Damping gates disrupt quantum information, with HyQNNs demonstrating resilience at lower probabilities but facing challenges at higher probabilities. Amplitude Damping, in particular, poses efficiency and accuracy issues at higher probabilities, however with lowest probability (p =0.1),it has the least effect, i.e., HyQNNs, although not very effectively, but still tends to learn. The Depolarizing Channel proves most detrimental to HyQNNs performance, with limited or no training improvements. There was no training potential observed regardless of the probability of this noise gate. These findings underscore the critical need for advanced quantum error mitigation and resilience strategies in the design and training of HyQNNs, especially in environments prone to depolarizing noise. This paper quantitatively investigate that understanding the impact of quantum noise gates is essential for harnessing the full potential of quantum computing in practical applications.
Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (HQNNs) offer promising potential of quantum computing while retaining the flexibility of classical deep learning. However, the limitations of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices introduce significant challenges in achieving ideal performance due to noise interference, such as decoherence, gate errors, and readout errors. This paper presents an extensive comparative analysis of two HQNN algorithms, Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN) and Quanvolutional Neural Network (QuanNN), assessing their noise resilience across diverse image classification tasks. We systematically inject noise into variational quantum circuits using five quantum noise channels: Phase Flip, Bit Flip, Phase Damping, Amplitude Damping, and Depolarizing Noise. By varying noise probabilities from 0.1 to 1.0, we evaluate the correlation between noise robustness and model behavior across different noise levels.Our findings demonstrate that different noise types and levels significantly influence HQNN performance. The QuanNN shows robust performance across most noise channels for low noise levels (0.1 - 0.4), but succumbs to diverse effects of depolarizing and amplitude damping noise at probabilities between (0.5 - 1.0). However, the QuanNN exhibits robustness to bit flip noise at high probabilities (0.9 - 1.0). On the other hand, the QCNN tends to benefit from the noise injection by outperforming noise-free models for bit flip, phase flip, and phase damping at high noise probabilities. However, for other noise types, the QCNN shows gradual performance degradation as noise increases. These insights aim to guide future research in error mitigation strategies to enhance HQNN models in the NISQ era.
In current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, hybrid quantum neural networks (HQNNs) offer a promising solution, combining the strengths of classical machine learning with quantum computing capabilities. However, the performance of these networks can be significantly affected by the quantum noise inherent in NISQ devices. In this paper, we conduct an extensive comparative analysis of various HQNN algorithms, namely Quantum Convolution Neural Network (QCNN), Quanvolutional Neural Network (QuanNN), and Quantum Transfer Learning (QTL), for image classification tasks. We evaluate the performance of each algorithm across quantum circuits with different entangling structures, variations in layer count, and optimal placement in the architecture. Subsequently, we select the highest-performing architectures and assess their robustness against noise influence by introducing quantum gate noise through Phase Flip, Bit Flip, Phase Damping, Amplitude Damping, and the Depolarizing Channel. Our results reveal that the top-performing models exhibit varying resilience to different noise gates. However, in most scenarios, the QuanNN demonstrates greater robustness across various quantum noise channels, consistently outperforming other models. This highlights the importance of tailoring model selection to specific noise environments in NISQ devices.
This work focuses on the design and evaluation of Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (HQNNs) that integrate the computational advantages of quantum circuits with the learning flexibility of classical deep neural networks to enhance machine learning performance in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era.The study investigates two prominent HQNN architectures, namely Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) and Quanvolutional Neural Networks (QuanNNs), with an emphasis on their robustness under realistic quantum noise conditions.It was evaluated using image classification tasks.Under various quantum noise channels, including Bit Flip, Phase Flip, Phase Damping, Amplitude Damping, and Depolarizing Noise, were introduced to reflect realistic hardware conditions.To reduce noise-induced performance loss, error mitigation techniques such as Zero-Noise Extrapolation, Probabilistic Error Cancellation, and Measurement Error Mitigation were applied.In addition, an AI-assisted adaptive framework is proposed to automatically recommend suitable mitigation strategies based on observed noise behavior and circuit characteristics.Experimental results indicate that QuanNN exhibits strong robustness under lowto-moderate noise levels and maintains stable performance even under high bit-flip noise, while QCNN demonstrates occasional performance gains under specific noisy configurations but degrades more rapidly as noise intensity increases.The proposed AI-guided mitigation mechanism further enhances model stability across varying noise regimes.This study provides practical insights into architecture selection, noise resilience, and intelligent error mitigation integration, offering a scalable framework for deploying HQNNs in real-world NISQ-era quantum machine learning applications.
Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) represent a promising direction within Quantum Machine Learning (QML), yet their realization on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices remains constrained by decoherence, gate imperfections, crosstalk, and readout errors. This study provides a systematic evaluation of noise effects and mitigation strategies in hybrid quantum neural networks (HQNNs). Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE), Digital Dynamical Decoupling (DDD), and Layerwise Richardson Extrapolation (LRE) are incorporated into end-to-end QNN training pipelines developed with PennyLane, simulated using Qiskit Aer noise models, and integrated with the Mitiq framework, while Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC) is evaluated separately under depolarizing noise due to its computational cost. Experiments conducted on the Iris dataset with five representative noise channels show that the impact of noise and the effect of mitigation are strongly dependent on the noise model and its strength. The model maintains comparatively strong performance under phase-flip and phase-damping noise, while substantial degradation is observed under high depolarizing and amplitude-damping noise. Across the evaluated mitigation methods, the observed benefits remain limited and noise-dependent: ZNE, DDD, and LRE generally follow the same degradation trends as the unmitigated baseline, while PEC shows limited gains only in the low-noise depolarizing regime. These findings highlight the need for context-specific mitigation strategies to improve the robustness of QNNs in practical NISQ settings.
In current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, hybrid quantum neural networks (HQNNs) offer a promising solution, combining the strengths of classical machine learning with quantum computing capabilities. However, the performance of these networks can be significantly affected by the quantum noise inherent in NISQ devices. In this paper, we conduct an extensive comparative analysis of various HQNN algorithms, namely Quantum Convolution Neural Network (QCNN), Quanvolutional Neural Network (QuanNN), and Quantum Transfer Learning (QTL), for image classification tasks. We evaluate the performance of each algorithm across quantum circuits with different entangling structures, variations in layer count, and optimal placement in the architecture. Subsequently, we select the highest-performing architectures and assess their robustness against noise influence by introducing quantum gate noise through Phase Flip, Bit Flip, Phase Damping, Amplitude Damping, and the Depolarization Channel. Our results reveal that the top-performing models exhibit varying resilience to different noise channels. However, in most scenarios, the QuanNN demonstrates greater robustness across various quantum noise channels, consistently outperforming other models. This highlights the importance of tailoring model selection to specific noise environments in NISQ devices.
We investigate the robustness of quantum neural networks (QNNs) trained as binary classifiers against bit flip and depolarizing noise, two channels that emulate a subset of noise present in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. The presence of decoherence and other forms of noise poses significant challenges to classification accuracy. To assess the impact of noise on label extraction, and to evaluate the performance and robustness of our models, we trained three different label assignment methods in the presence of various levels of noise. Each QNN model uses 2 qubits to implement a parameterized model and either the qubits of the QNN, or a set of ancilla qubits are used for label extraction. These three different methods project the state of either a single qubit or multiple qubits onto the computational basis. This generates a probability distribution that is post-processed to assign a class label and a class probability. Each QNN is trained using noisy numerical simulation on a dataset with 2 features. Depolarizing noise channels are interleaved with the parameterized gates of the QNN and we include bit flip error prior to extracting the labels. The noise levels for the depolarizing noise and bit flip error are swept over large ranges of values. We deploy QNNs trained at various noise levels on IBM quantum computers- this introduces an additional source of noise due to SWAP gate noise. We observe that the QNNs trained with simulated noise can have good performance on NISQ hardware.