In a previous work we constructed a new kind of moduli background space by identifying regions of space-time where an observation of space-time is implied. We called it Observation Modular space (OM-space). Quantum Mechanics (QM) on this moduli space gets mapped into a very rich and highly non trivial dual Number Theory which we call Observation Modular Quantum Mechanics (OM-QM). In this work we extend the scope of this modularization to include observations of quantum states. We call the resulting extended space Observation Modular Riemann-Hilbert space (OM-RH space). It has the mathematical structure of a Riemann Surface. We find the OM-QM analogue of quantum base states and mixed states. This allows us to find the OM-QM analogues to the quantum State Reduction postulate and the Born rule. The OM-QM analog to quantum state collapse turns out to be totally deterministic and unitary in OM-RH space. It is shown to be equivalent to an Elliptic Curve Encryption-decryption protocol. Finally we obtain the OM-QM analog of entangled quantum states. As an example we apply this to the OM-QM interpretation of the EPR experiment.
In a previous work we constructed a new kind of moduli background space by identifying regions of space-time where an observation of space-time is implied. We called it Observation Modular space (OM-space). Quantum Mechanics (QM) on this moduli space gets mapped into a very rich and highly non trivial dual Number Theory which we call Observation Modular Quantum Mechanics (OM-QM). In this work we extend the scope of this modularization to include observations of quantum states. We call the resulting extended space Observation Modular Riemann-Hilbert space (OM-RH space). It has the mathematical structure of a Riemann Surface. We find the OM-QM analogue of quantum base states and mixed states. This allows us to find the OM-QM analogues to the quantum State Reduction postulate and the Born rule. The OM-QM analog to quantum state collapse turns out to be totally deterministic and unitary in OM-RH space. It is shown to be equivalent to an Elliptic Curve Encryption-decryption protocol. Finally we obtain the OM-QM analog of entangled quantum states. As an example we apply this to the OM-QM interpretation of the EPR experiment.
In this work we will answer the following question: What remains of Quantum Mechanics when we transform the background space-time into a space modularized by observation or measurement regions ? This new moduli space is constructed by identifying regions of space-time where quantum phase comparison (observation, measurement) is implied. We call it Observation Modular space (OM-space). In addition we replace in QM statements the Plank constant (h) by the quantity ζ04π2 (where ζ0 is the Plank Length) or otherwise, replacing P0 (the Planck Momentum) by 4π2. This maps Quantum Mechanics into a very rich dual Number Theory which we call Observation Modular Quantum Mechanics (OM-QM). We find the OM-dual to the Dirac Equation, the quantum Wave Function and a free particle's mass. The OM-QM counterparts of the Energy turns out to be a simple function of the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function. We also find the OM-QM correspondents to the electron spin, the electron charge, the Electric Field and the Fine Structure Constant. We also find the OM-QM correspondents of the Heisemberg uncertainty relation and Einstein's General Relativity Field equation emerging as certain limits of a unique OM-QM equation. We also get the OM-QM correspondents of the Gravitational Constant and the Cosmological Constant. We find the analog of holography in the OM-QM side and we get an interpretation of spin as a high dimensional curvature. An interpretation of the OM-QM correspondence is proposed as giving the part of QM information which is not measurement or observation dependent. Some potential future applications of this correspondence are discussed.
The postulates of quantum mechanics — complex Hilbert space structure, unitary evolution, the Born rule, definite measurement outcomes, the canonical commutation relations, and the Pauli exclusion principle — have traditionally been taken as axioms. In this work we show that, within the framework of Modular Entropic Gravity (MEG), these structures admit a unified derivation from four geometric axioms governing the informational structure of the quantum vacuum.The framework is non-circular: its inputs are operator-algebraic structures of quantum field theory — including modular Hamiltonians, the JLMS identity, and the Bisognano–Wichmann theorem — which are defined independently of any probability interpretation. The probabilistic and dynamical rules of textbook quantum mechanics then arise as an infrared effective description of this underlying structure.The six results are obtained in logical order: (Q1) the emergence of complex structure from the entropion mass gap; (Q2) the L2 Hilbert space and Schrödinger equation from the long-wavelength limit of the vacuum propagator; (Q3) the Born rule from a relative entropy identity combined with the PLES–Petz correspondence; (Q4) definite measurement outcomes from PLES boundary conditions imposed by classical apparatus; (Q5) the canonical commutation relations from modular flow via the Bisognano–Wichmann and Araki reconstruction; and (Q6) the Pauli exclusion principle from the Z3 topological structure of the MEG vacuum.Three of these results (Q1, Q2, Q5) are established as complete theorems within the framework. The remaining three (Q3, Q4, Q6) are structurally complete derivations in which the underlying mechanism is fully identified, and any remaining conditions concern either formal infinite-dimensional extension or quantitative refinement.The paper therefore presents a coherent and non-circular programme in which the postulates of quantum mechanics are reconstructed from a smaller set of underlying principles, together with an explicit account of the remaining technical steps required for complete formalisation.
We review some recent results on the mathematical foundations of a quantum theory over a scalar field that is a quadratic extension of the non-Archimedean field of [Formula: see text]-adic numbers. In our approach, we are inspired by the idea — first postulated in [I. V. Volovich, [Formula: see text]-adic string, Class. Quantum Grav. 4 (1987) L83–L87] — that space, below a suitably small scale, does not behave as a continuum and, accordingly, should be modeled as a totally disconnected metrizable topological space, ruled by a metric satisfying the strong triangle inequality. The first step of our construction is a suitable definition of a [Formula: see text]-adic Hilbert space. Next, after introducing all necessary mathematical tools — in particular, various classes of linear operators in a [Formula: see text]-adic Hilbert space — we consider an algebraic definition of physical states in [Formula: see text]-adic quantum mechanics. The corresponding observables, whose definition completes the statistical interpretation of the theory, are introduced as SOVMs, a [Formula: see text]-adic counterpart of the POVMs associated with a standard quantum system over the complex numbers. Interestingly, it turns out that the typical convex geometry of the space of states of a standard quantum system is replaced, in the [Formula: see text]-adic setting, with an affine geometry; therefore, a symmetry transformation of a [Formula: see text]-adic quantum system may be defined as a map preserving this affine geometry. We argue that, as a consequence, the group of all symmetry transformations of a [Formula: see text]-adic quantum system has a richer structure with respect to the case of standard quantum mechanics over the complex numbers.
Quantum systems are viewed as emergent systems from the fundamental degrees of freedom. The laws and rules of quantum mechanics are understood as an effective description, valid for the emergent systems and specially useful to handle probabilistic predictions of observables. After introducing the geometric theory of Hamilton-Randers spaces and reformulating it using Hilbert space theory, a Hilbert space structure is constructed from the Hilbert space formulation of the underlying Hamilton-Randers model and associated with the space of wave functions of quantum mechanical systems. We can prove the emergence of the Born rule from ergodic considerations. A geometric mechanism for a natural spontaneous collapse of the quantum states based on the concentration of measure phenomena as it appears in metric geometry is discussed.We show the existence of stable vacua states for the quantized matter Hamiltonian. Another consequence of the concentration of measure is the emergence of a weak equivalence principle for one of the dynamics of the fundamental degrees of freedom. We suggest that the reduction of the quantum state is driven by a gravitational type interaction. Such interaction appears only in the dynamical domain when localization of quantum observables happens, it must be a classical interaction. We discuss the double slit experiment in the context of the framework proposed, the interference phenomena associated with a quantum system in an external gravitational potential, a mechanism explaining non-quantum locality and also provide an argument in favour of an emergent interpretation of every macroscopic time parameter. Entanglement is partially described in the context of Hamilton-Randers theory and how naturally Bell's inequalities should be violated.
For a century, the postulates of quantum mechanics have been taken as irreducible axioms. Bohr, von Neumann, and Feynman each concluded that asking for physical mechanisms underlying the Born rule, wavefunction collapse, or the Pauli exclusion principle constitutes a category error. This consensus was never proved — it was an inference from the failure ofknown attempts.This paper challenges that consensus by exhibiting a candidate framework — Modular Entropic Gravity (MEG) — built on four geometric axioms, in which the six foundational postulates of quantum mechanics are derived consequences and the five standard mysteries of quantum theory have precise physical explanations reducible to classical mechanisms. We make a precise logical claim, not an empirical one. We do not assert that MEG is the correct final theory. We assert that it is internally consistent: its derivations are valid within the framework, no quantum postulate appears as a hidden input, and the programme is non-circular in a precise sense — it derives the probabilistic and interpretive postulates of textbook quantum mechanics from a deeper operator-algebraic level plus the MEG axioms.Several derivations have open steps, all identified explicitly. These concern the technical completion of MEG as a specific theory and do not affect the existence argument: a frame-work of this kind demonstrably can be constructed, as MEG shows. Whether MEG is the correct such framework is an empirical question. That a coherent framework of this kind exists is established here.
This paper develops a structural framework connecting quantum mechanics, category theory, and arithmetic geometry through the language of non-semisimple categories. Within the Algorithmic Motives (AM) and Ramified Arithmetic Coordinates (RAC) frameworks, core phenomena of quantum mechanics—including superposition, measurement, the Born rule, complementarity, and entanglement—are interpreted as consequences of categorical structures such as extension groups, global dimension, and exact functors. Superposition is identified with non-split extensions classified by Ext¹, while measurement is modeled as a functor to a semisimple category, forcing the annihilation of extension classes and yielding wavefunction collapse as an algebraic necessity. The Born rule is derived as the unique probability assignment compatible with the output category’s semisimple structure. Complementarity arises from the algebraic invariance of squared amplitudes under phase transformations. The framework further introduces a geometric interpretation of entanglement via covering spaces and deck transformations, and provides a categorical explanation of the quantum eraser phenomenon. These constructions are extended to arithmetic geometry through a dictionary linking Betti and étale realizations to wave and particle descriptions. A central component is the Ramified Arithmetic Coordinates (RAC) framework, which interprets the critical point of L-functions as a ramification point analogous to a coordinate singularity in general relativity. The modified trace is proposed as a coordinate system resolving this singularity. Within this structure, the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis is reformulated as a faithfulness condition for a modified comparison functor, with precise separation between proved finite-level results and conjectural infinite-level extensions. All statements are explicitly classified as Theorem, Structural Correspondence, or Conjecture, ensuring clarity between established results and proposed extensions. The paper is intended as a research exposition introducing a unified algebraic framework rather than a claim of equivalence between physical and arithmetic systems.