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arXiv:2402.06615 · Physical Review X

Measurement-Induced Transmon Ionization

Marie Frédérique Dumas, Benjamin Groleau-Paré, Alexander McDonald, Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias, Cristóbal Lledó, Benjamin D’Anjou, Alexandre Blais

Published Oct 24, 2024• 70 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Despite the high measurement fidelity that can now be reached, the dispersive qubit readout of circuit quantum electrodynamics is plagued by a loss of its quantum nondemolition character and a decrease in fidelity with increased measurement strength. In this work, we elucidate the nature of this dynamical process, which we refer to as transmon ionization. We develop a comprehensive framework which provides a physical picture of the origin of transmon ionization. This framework consists of three complementary levels of descriptions: a fully quantized transmon-resonator model, a semiclassical model where the resonator is treated as a classical drive on the transmon, and a fully classical model. Crucially, all three approaches preserve the full cosine potential of the transmon and lead to similar predictions. This framework identifies the multiphoton resonances responsible for transmon ionization. It also allows one to efficiently compute numerical estimates of the photon number threshold for ionization, which are in remarkable agreement with recent experimental results. The tools developed within this work are both conceptually and computationally simple, and we expect them to become an integral part of the theoretical underpinning of all circuit QED experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

DOI
10.1103/physrevx.14.041023

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Despite the high measurement fidelity that can now be reached, the dispersive qubit readout of circuit quantum electrodynamics is plagued by a loss of its quantum nondemolition character and a decrease in fidelity with increased measurement strength. In this work, we elucidate the nature of this dynamical process, which we refer to as transmon ionization. We develop a comprehensive framework which provides a physical picture of the origin of transmon ionization. This framework consists of three complementary levels of descriptions: a fully quantized transmon-resonator model, a semiclassical model where the resonator is treated as a classical drive on the transmon, and a fully classical model. Crucially, all three approaches preserve the full cosine potential of the transmon and lead to similar predictions. This framework identifies the multiphoton resonances responsible for transmon ionization. It also allows one to efficiently compute numerical estimates of the photon number threshold for ionization, which are in remarkable agreement with recent experimental results. The tools developed within this work are both conceptually and computationally simple, and we expect them to become an integral part of the theoretical underpinning of all circuit QED experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
The fidelity and quantum nondemolition character of the dispersive readout in circuit QED are limited by unwanted transitions to highly excited states at specific photon numbers in the readout resonator. This observation can be explained by multiphoton resonances between computational states and highly excited states in strongly driven nonlinear systems, analogous to multiphoton ionization in atoms and molecules. In this work, we utilize the multilevel nature of high- E J / E C transmons to probe the excited-state dynamics induced by strong drives during readout. With up to ten resolvable states, we quantify the critical photon number of ionization, the resulting state after ionization, and the fraction of the population transferred to highly excited states. Moreover, using pulse shaping to control the photon number in the readout resonator in the high-power regime, we tune the adiabaticity of the transition and verify that transmon ionization is a Landau-Zener-type transition. We further extend these methods to a typical transmon with E J / E C ≈ 55 and probe the offset-charge dependence of ionization dynamics in a timed-resolved manner. Our experimental results agree well with the theoretical prediction from a semiclassical driven transmon model and may guide future exploration of strongly driven nonlinear oscillators.
Qubit measurement is an essential step in any quantum computation. In circuit quantum electrodynamics, a leading quantum computer architecture, qubit readout is commonly one of the longest and lowest-fidelity processes. The authors numerically explore the dynamics of a driven transmon-resonator system under strong, nearly resonant measurement drives to better understand this issue. They find clear signs of transmon ``ionization'', in which the qubit escapes its confining potential under the influence of the drive, and semiclassical methods then reveal the mechanism. This approach can be used to optimize circuit parameters, suppress these spurious effects, and increase readout fidelity.
Multiphoton processes deteriorate the quantum nondemolition (QND) character of the dispersive readout in circuit QED, causing the readout to lag behind single- and two-qubit gates in both speed and fidelity. Alternative methods such as longitudinal readout have been proposed; however, it is unknown to what extent multiphoton processes hinder this approach. Here, we investigate the QND character of the longitudinal readout of the transmon qubit. We show that the deleterious effects that arise due to multiphoton transitions can be heavily suppressed with detuning because the longitudinal interaction strength is independent of the transmon-resonator detuning. We consider the effect of circuit disorder, the selection rules that act on the transmon, and the description of longitudinal readout in the classical limit of the transmon to qualitatively demonstrate that longitudinal readout is robust. We show that fast, high-fidelity QND readout of transmon qubits is possible with longitudinal coupling.
Dispersive readout of the transmon qubit in circuit QED is known to lose its quantum non-demolition character at small to moderate measurement drive amplitudes. This phenomenon is understood to originate from Laundau-Zener transitions at accidental multi-photon resonances, where nnn drive photons can promote the transmon by mmm levels. This interpretation has been shown to be in agreement with experiments characterizing the dispersive readout of a single transmon. The impact of these measurement-induced state transition (MIST) of a transmon embedded in a multi-qubit chip, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that the presence of other components, such as qubits and couplers, can affect the MIST threshold of a measured transmon. To arrive at these results, we present a general method to characterize measurement-induced transition when the qubit under readout is coupled to other circuit elements, a ubiquitous situation in circuit QED-based quantum processors. As an example, we consider the case of two transmon qubits, and we show that the spectator qubit can be impacted by the measurement-induced transition of the readout qubit and, conversely, that the presence of the spectator qubit can lower the MIST threshold of the readout qubit. Finally, we explore how adding a coupler mode between the two qubits further modifies these effects.
A key challenge in achieving scalable fault tolerance in superconducting quantum processors is readout fidelity, which lags behind one- and two-qubit gate fidelity. A major limitation in improving qubit readout is measurement-induced transitions, also referred to as qubit ionization, caused by multiphoton qubit-resonator excitation occurring at specific photon numbers. Since ionization can involve highly excited states, it has been predicted that in transmons-the most widely used superconducting qubit-the photon number at which measurement-induced transitions occur is gate-charge dependent. This dependence is expected to persist deep in the transmon regime where the qubit frequency is gate-charge insensitive. We experimentally confirm this prediction by characterizing measurement-induced transitions with increasing resonator photon population while actively calibrating the transmon's gate charge. Furthermore, because highly excited states are involved, achieving quantitative agreement between theory and experiment requires accounting for higher-order harmonics in the transmon Hamiltonian.
By strongly driving a transmon-resonator system, the transmon qubit may eventually escape from its cosine-shaped potential. This process is called transmon ionization (TI) and known to be detrimental to the qubit coherence and operation. In this work, we investigate the onset of TI in an irreversible, parametrically-driven, frequency conversion process in a system consisting of a superconducting 3D-cavity coupled to a fixed-frequency transmon qubit. Above a critical pump power we find a sudden increase in the transmon population. Using Renyi entropy, Floquet modes, and Husimi Q functions, we infer that this abrupt change can be attributed to a quantum-to-classical phase transition. Furthermore, in the context of the single-photon detection, we measure a TI-uncorrected detection efficiency of up to 86% and estimate a TI-corrected value of up to 78% by exploiting the irreversible frequency conversion. Our numerical simulations suggest that increasing the detuning between the pump and qubit frequencies and increasing the qubit anharmonicity can suppress the TI impact. Our findings highlight the general importance of the TI process when operating coupled qubit-cavity systems.