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arXiv:2402.01068 · Physical Review A

Unbreakable and breakable quantum censorship

Julien Pinske, Jan Sperling

Published May 6, 2024• 4 citations
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Abstract

A protocol for regulating the distribution of quantum information between multiple parties is put forward. To prohibit the unrestricted distribution of quantum-resource states in a public quantum network, agents can apply a resource-destroying map to each sender's channel. Since resource-destroying maps only exist for affine quantum resource theories, censorship of a nonaffine resource theory is established on an operationally motivated subspace of free states. This is achieved by using what we name a resource-censoring map. The protocol is applied to censoring coherence, reference frames, and entanglement. Because of the local nature of the censorship protocol, it is, in principle, possible for collaborating parties to bypass censorship. Thus, we additionally derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which the censorship protocol is unbreakable.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.109.052408

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A protocol for regulating the distribution of quantum information between multiple parties is put forward. To prohibit the unrestricted distribution of quantum-resource states in a public quantum network, agents can apply a resource-destroying map to each sender's channel. Since resource-destroying maps only exist for affine quantum resource theories, censorship of a nonaffine resource theory is established on an operationally motivated subspace of free states. This is achieved by using what we name a resource-censoring map. The protocol is applied to censoring coherence, reference frames, and entanglement. Because of the local nature of the censorship protocol, it is, in principle, possible for collaborating parties to bypass censorship. Thus, we additionally derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which the censorship protocol is unbreakable.
We may soon see agencies offering public access to quantum communication networks. In such networks it may be a feature that certain resources are available only to priority users or at a higher user fee, as governed by a protective agency overseeing the communication in the network. If the agency wants to restrict the general users to communicate by transmitting states that we categorize as free states of a quantum resource theory (QRT), it may employ resource-destroying channels that do not affect the free states. Such channels, however, only exist for the simplest of QRTs, putting fundamental limitations on how quantum resources can be regulated. In this work, we go beyond the present limitation by devising a nonlinear censorship protocol which makes use of classical information about the transmitted state. We study the requirement disabling malicious users from breaking the censorship. The protocol can establish an unbreakable censorship of imaginarity and entanglement, while no such censorship can be made for quantum discord and Bell nonlocality.
In quantum censorship, an agency oversees quantum communication in a public-domain network. The agency restricts the users communication to the free states of a quantum resource theory (QRT). Despite quantum correlations being fragile, any realistic censorship leaves behind some quantumness, raising concerns that censorship may be overcome through revival or distillation of quantum resources. Here, we introduce censorship protocols that do not require a perfect erasure of a quantum resource, but rather deem censorship successful if users are unable to restore the original quantum state using free operations. We investigate under which conditions censorship is secure, and when it might fail. Moreover, we address the issue of account sharing in quantum networks, wherein independent parties assist in transmitting quantum resources to censored users. This connects resource censorship to timely topics such as quantum catalysis and resource-assisted communication. Censorship protocols offer a novel perspective on quantum network security, that differs fundamentally from existing approaches such as quantum and post-quantum cryptography.
Resource theory is a widely applicable framework for analyzing the physical resources required for given tasks, such as computation, communication, and energy extraction. In this Letter, we propose a general scheme for analyzing resource theories based on resource destroying maps, which leave resource-free states unchanged but erase the resource stored in all other states. We introduce a group of general conditions that determine whether a quantum operation exhibits typical resource-free properties in relation to a given resource destroying map. Our theory reveals fundamental connections among basic elements of resource theories, in particular, free states, free operations, and resource measures. In particular, we define a class of simple resource measures that can be calculated without optimization, and that are monotone nonincreasing under operations that commute with the resource destroying map. We apply our theory to the resources of coherence and quantum correlations (e.g., discord), two prominent features of nonclassicality.
We propose the notion of process resource-breaking channels that break the resource for a quantum information processing task. We examine the same using quantum dense coding and teleportation protocols. We prove that the sets DBT (dense coding breaking) and TBT (teleportation breaking) are convex and compact and identify classical-quantum channels as their extreme points. We prove group-covariance to be a sufficient condition for channels to be DBT or TBT when they can destroy the resource of maximally entangled states. We present necessary and sufficient conditions for unital channels to be DBT for a single sender-receiver pair, while for multiple senders, the condition is sufficient. The set of qubit TBT channels is proved equivalent to qubit entanglement-breaking channels provided pre-processing is allowed. We construct witness operators to identify non-TBT(non-DBT) maps.
We develop a notion of quantum channels that can make states useless for universal quantum computation by destroying their magic (non-stabilizerness) - we refer to them as magic-breaking channels. We establish the properties of these channels in arbitrary dimensions. We prove the necessary and sufficient criteria for qubit channels to be magic-breaking and present an algorithm for determining the same. Moreover, we provide compact criteria in terms of the parameters for several classes of qubit channels to be magic-breaking under various post-processing operations. Further, we investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions for the tensor product of multiple qubit channels to be magic-breaking. We establish implications of the same for the dynamical resource theory of magic preservability.
One of the main goals of any resource theory such as entanglement, quantum thermodynamics, quantum coherence, and asymmetry, is to find necessary and sufficient conditions that determine whether one resource can be converted to another by the set of free operations. Here we find such conditions for a large class of quantum resource theories which we call affine resource theories. Affine resource theories include the resource theories of athermality, asymmetry, and coherence, but not entanglement. Remarkably, the necessary and sufficient conditions can be expressed as a family of inequalities between resource monotones (quantifiers) that are given in terms of the conditional min-entropy. The set of free operations is taken to be (1) the maximal set (i.e., consists of all resource nongenerating quantum channels) or (2) the self-dual set of free operations (i.e., consists of all resource nongenerating maps for which the dual map is also resource nongenerating). As an example, we apply our results to quantum thermodynamics with Gibbs preserving operations, and several other affine resource theories. Finally, we discuss the applications of these results to resource theories that are not affine and, along the way, provide the necessary and sufficient conditions that a quantum resource theory consists of a resource destroying map.