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arXiv:2401.14830 · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment

CTMRG study of the critical behavior of an interacting-dimer model

Christophe Chatelain

Published Aug 2, 2024• 1 citation
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Abstract

Abstract The critical behavior of a dimer model with an interaction favoring parallel dimers in each plaquette of the square lattice is studied numerically using the corner transfer matrix renormalization group algorithm. The critical exponents are known to depend on the chemical potential of vacancies, or monomers. At large average density of the latter, the phase transition becomes the first-order. We compute the scaling dimensions of both the order parameter and temperature in the second-order regime and compare them with the conjecture that the critical behavior is the same as the Ashkin–Teller model on its self-dual critical line.

DOI
10.1088/1742-5468/ad5c5d

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Abstract The critical behavior of a dimer model with an interaction favoring parallel dimers in each plaquette of the square lattice is studied numerically using the corner transfer matrix renormalization group algorithm. The critical exponents are known to depend on the chemical potential of vacancies, or monomers. At large average density of the latter, the phase transition becomes the first-order. We compute the scaling dimensions of both the order parameter and temperature in the second-order regime and compare them with the conjecture that the critical behavior is the same as the Ashkin–Teller model on its self-dual critical line.
We present a detailed study of a model of close-packed dimers on the square lattice with an interaction between nearest-neighbor dimers. The interaction favors parallel alignment of dimers, resulting in a low-temperature crystalline phase. With large-scale Monte Carlo and transfer matrix calculations, we show that the crystal melts through a Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition to give rise to a high-temperature critical phase, with algebraic decays of correlations functions with exponents that vary continuously with the temperature. We give a theoretical interpretation of these results by mapping the model to a Coulomb gas, whose coupling constant and associated exponents are calculated numerically with high precision. Introducing monomers is a marginal perturbation at the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition and gives rise to another critical line. We study this line numerically, showing that it is in the Ashkin-Teller universality class, and terminates in a tricritical point at finite temperature and monomer fugacity. In the course of this work, we also derive analytic results relevant to the noninteracting case of dimer coverings, including a Bethe ansatz (at the free fermion point) analysis, a detailed discussion of the effective height model, and a free field analysis of height fluctuations.
We use Monte Carlo simulations and tensor network methods to study a classical monomer-dimer model on the square lattice with a hole (monomer) fugacity zzz, an aligning dimer-dimer interaction uuu that favors columnar order, and an attractive dimer-dimer interaction vvv between two adjacent dimers that lie on the same principal axis of the lattice. The Monte Carlo simulations of finite size systems rely on our grand-canonical generalization of the dimer worm algorithm, while the tensor network computations are based on a uniform matrix product ansatz for the eigenvector of the row-to-row transfer matrix that work directly in the thermodynamic limit. The phase diagram has nematic, columnar order and fluid phases, and a nonzero temperature multicritical point at which all three meet. For any fixed $v/u<\ensuremath{\infty}$, we argue that this multicritical point continues to be located at a nonzero hole fugacity zmc(v/u)>0{z}_{\mathrm{mc}}(v/u)>0zmc​(v/u)>0; our numerical results confirm this theoretical expectation but find that ${z}_{\mathrm{mc}}(v/u)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ very rapidly as $v/u\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. Our numerical results also confirm the theoretical expectation that the corresponding multicritical behavior is in the universality class of the four-state Potts multicritical point on critical line of the two-dimensional Ashkin-Teller model.
Using the tensor network approach, we investigate the monomer-dimer models on a checkerboard lattice, in which there are interactions (with strength vvv) between the parallel dimers on half of the plaquettes. For the fully packed interacting dimer model, we observe a Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition between the low-temperature symmetry breaking and the high-temperature critical phases; for the doped monomer-dimer case with finite chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$, we also find an order-disorder phase transition which is of second order instead. We use the boundary matrix product state approach to detect the KT and second-order phase transitions and obtain the phase diagrams $v\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$. Moreover, for the noninteracting monomer-dimer model (setting $\ensuremath{\mu}=\ensuremath{\nu}=0$), we get an extraordinarily accurate determination of the free energy per site (negative of the monomer-dimer constant h2{h}_{2}h2​) as $f=\ensuremath{-}0.662\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}798\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}972\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}833\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}746$ with the dimer density n=0.638123109228547n=0.638\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}123\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}109\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}228\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}547n=0.638123109228547, both of 15 correct digits.
The critical behavior of the sss-state Ashkin-Teller-Potts model on a square lattice is studied for s=3,4,and5s=3, 4, \mathrm{and} 5s=3,4,and5, using a variational renormalization-group transformation of the type introduced by Kadanoff. For the s=3s=3s=3 and s=4s=4s=4 models, the transformation correctly predicts a continuous phase transition. The calculated values of the critical exponents and the transition temperature are consistent with the results obtained from other approaches. For s=5s=5s=5, however, the transformation fails to detect the first-order transition that is known to occur.
We consider a classical interacting dimer model which interpolates between the square lattice case and the triangular lattice case by tuning a chemical potential in the diagonal bonds. The interaction energy simply corresponds to the number of plaquettes with parallel dimers. Using transfer matrix calculations, we find in the anisotropic triangular case a succession of different physical phases as the interaction strength is increased: a short-range disordered liquid dimer phase at low interactions, then a critical phase similar to the one found for the square lattice, and finally a transition to an ordered columnar phase for large interactions. Our results indicate that criticality and nonbipartiteness are compatible in a dimer model. For the isotropic triangular case, we have indications that the system undergoes a first-order phase transition to an ordered phase, without appearance of an intermediate critical phase.
In the context of a discrete analog of the classical Heisenberg model, we investigate the critical behavior of the icosahedron model, where the interaction energy is defined as the inner product of neighboring vector spins of unit length pointing to the vertices of the icosahedron. The effective correlation length and magnetization of the model are calculated by means of the corner-transfer-matrix renormalization group (CTMRG) method. A scaling analysis with respect to the cutoff dimension m in CTMRG reveals a second-order phase transition characterized by the exponents ν=1.62±0.02 and β=0.12±0.01. We also extract the central charge from the classical analog of entanglement entropy as c=1.90±0.02, which cannot be explained by the minimal series of conformal field theory.