Cornerstones of the Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics are its ontological states that evolve by permutations, in this way never creating would-be quantum mechanical superposition states. We review and illustrate this with a classical Ising spin chain. It is shown that it can be related to the Weyl equation in the continuum limit. Yet, the model of discrete spins or bits unavoidably becomes a model of qubits by generating superpositions, if only slightly deformed. We study modifications of its signal velocity which, however, do not relate to mass terms. To incorporate the latter, we consider the Dirac equation in 1+1 dimensions and sketch an underlying discrete deterministic “necklace of necklaces” automaton that qualifies as ontological.
Cornerstones of the Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics are its ontological states that evolve by permutations, in this way never creating would-be quantum mechanical superposition states. We review and illustrate this with a classical Ising spin chain. It is shown that it can be related to the Weyl equation in the continuum limit. Yet, the model of discrete spins or bits unavoidably becomes a model of qubits by generating superpositions, if only slightly deformed. We study modifications of its signal velocity which, however, do not relate to mass terms. To incorporate the latter, we consider the Dirac equation in 1+1 dimensions and sketch an underlying discrete deterministic “necklace of necklaces” automaton that qualifies as ontological.
The cornerstones of the Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics are its underlying ontological states that evolve by permutations. They do not create would-be quantum mechanical superposition states. We review this with a classical automaton consisting of an Ising spin chain which is then related to the Weyl equation in the continuum limit. Based on this and generalizing, we construct a new "Necklace of Necklaces" automaton with a torus-like topology that lends itself to represent the Dirac equation in 1 + 1 dimensions. Special attention has to be paid to its mass term, which necessitates this enlarged structure and a particular scattering operator contributing to the step-wise updates of the automaton. As discussed earlier, such deterministic models of discrete spins or bits unavoidably become quantum mechanical, when only slightly deformed.
The notion of ontological states is introduced here with reference to the Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (QM) proposed by ’t Hooft. A class of discrete deterministic “Hamiltonian” Cellular Automata (CA) is defined that has been shown to bear many features in common with continuum quantum mechanical models, however, deformed by the presence of a finite discreteness scale [Formula: see text], such that for [Formula: see text], the usual properties result e.g. concerning linearity, dispersion relations, multipartite systems, and Superposition Principle. We argue that within this class of models, only very primitive realizations of ontological states and their dynamics can exist, since the equations of motion tend to produce superposition states that are not ontological. The most interesting, if not the only way out seems to involve interacting multipartite systems composed of two-state “Ising spins”, which evolve by a unitary transfer matrix. Thus, quantum like and ontological models appear side by side here, but distinguished by second-order and first-order dynamics, respectively.
Based on the concept of ontological states and their dynamical evolution by permutations, as assumed in the Cellular Automaton Interpretation (CAI) of quantum mechanics, we address the issue of whether quantum-classical hybrids can be described consistently in this framework. We consider chains of ‘classical’ two-state Ising spins and their discrete deterministic dynamics as an ontological model with an unitary evolution operator generated by pair-exchange interactions. A simple error mechanism is identified, which turns them into quantum mechanical objects: chains of qubits. Consequently, an interaction between a quantum mechanical and a ‘classical’ chain can be introduced and its consequences for this quantum-classical hybrid can be studied. We found that such hybrid character of composites, generally, does not persist under interactions and, therefore, cannot be upheld consistently, or even as a fundamental notion à la Kopenhagen interpretation, within CAI.
In order to prepare for the introduction of dynamical many-body and, eventually, field theoretical models, we show here that quantum mechanical exchange interactions in a three-spin chain can emerge from the deterministic dynamics of three classical Ising spins. States of the latter form an ontological basis, which will be discussed with reference to the ontology proposed in the Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics by ’t[Formula: see text]Hooft. Our result illustrates a new Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff (BCH) formula with terminating series expansion.
A deterministic reformulation of quantum mechanics is thought to be able to bypass the usual philosophical interpretations of probability and stochasticity of the standard quantum mechanical scenarios. Recently ’t Hooft proposed a different perspective based on the ontological formulation of quantum mechanics, obtained by writing the Hamiltonian of a quantum system in a way to render it mathematically equivalent to a deterministic system. The ontological deterministic models consist of elementary cells, also called cellular automata, inside which the quantities describing the dynamics oscillate in periodic orbits, extending and replacing the quantum mechanical classical language based on harmonic oscillators. We show that the structure of the cellular automaton sets finds a clear physical interpretation with the Majorana infinite-component equation: the cellular automata are elementary building blocks generated by the Poincaré group of spacetime transformations with positive-definite energy down to the Planck scales, with a close relation to the Riemann Hypothesis.
In this thesis we will work under the premises of the Cellular Automata Interpretation of QM, by Gerard 't Hooft, according to whom particles evolve following the rules of Cellular Automata (CA), a mathematical model consisting of discrete units that evolve following deterministic laws in discrete space and time. The states of a Cellular Automaton are, by definition, classical and thus deterministic and do not form superpositions. Since it is not possible to know how to demonstrate the underlying classical deterministic structure and dynamics at the smallest microscopic scales at present, what we pursue in this thesis, besides summarizing the concept of the Cellular Automaton Interpretation, is to show that quantum phenomena, in particular superposition states, can arise in a deterministic model because of the limited precision of measurements. In order to do that, we follow the path of a recent article by Elze, considering a triplet of Ising spins and their dynamics in a CA context, which is possible to formalize using Pauli matrices and quantum mechanics operators. We will thus observe how the system will shift from a triplet of Ising spins to a triplet of qubits due to the arising of superposition after applying some perturbations on the Hamiltonian and the dynamics operators.