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arXiv:2311.17313 · Physical Review A

Programmable integrated source of polarization and frequency-bin hyperentangled photon pairs

Colin Vendromin, John E. Sipe, Marco Liscidini

Published Apr 15, 2025• 4 citations
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Abstract

We present a system capable of generating programmable polarization and frequency-bin hyperentangled photon pairs in an integrated photonic device. The structure is composed of ring resonators, each generating photon pairs with the same polarization in two pairs of frequency bins via spontaneous four-wave mixing. By combining several rings and controlling the amplitude and phase of the pump field, one can construct several hyperentangled states in a piece-by-piece fashion. For example, we consider a system composed of four rings and show that the density operator of the generated state describes a polarization and frequency-bin hyperentangled state. Finally, we calculate the expected generation rate and discuss the device efficiency.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.111.043711

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We present a system capable of generating programmable polarization and frequency-bin hyperentangled photon pairs in an integrated photonic device. The structure is composed of ring resonators, each generating photon pairs with the same polarization in two pairs of frequency bins via spontaneous four-wave mixing. By combining several rings and controlling the amplitude and phase of the pump field, one can construct several hyperentangled states in a piece-by-piece fashion. For example, we consider a system composed of four rings and show that the density operator of the generated state describes a polarization and frequency-bin hyperentangled state. Finally, we calculate the expected generation rate and discuss the device efficiency.
We present a scalable and efficient approach for the generation of frequency-bin encoded qudit states in photonic integrated devices. We exploit a series of coherently pumped resonators, each generating photon pairs in specific frequency bins via spontaneous four-wave mixing. The generated state can be described as a coherent superposition of the states that would describe the pairs generated in each ring separately. As the frequency bin separation is not fixed by the resonator free spectral range, small resonators having large finesse and pair generation rates can be used.
Quantum optical microcombs in integrated ring resonators generate entangled photon pairs over many spectral modes, and allow the preparation of high dimensional qudit states. Ideally, those sources should be programmable and have a high generation rate, with comb lines tightly spaced for the implementation of efficient qudit gates based on electro-optic frequency mixing. While these requirements cannot all be satisfied by a single resonator device, for which there is a trade-off between high generation rate and tight bin spacing, a promising strategy is the use of multiple resonators, each generating photon pairs in specific frequency bins via spontaneous four-wave mixing. Based on this approach we present a programmable silicon photonics device for the generation of frequency bin entangled qudits, in which bin spacing, qudit dimension, and bipartite quantum state can be reconfigured on-chip. Using resonators with a radius of 22 microns, we achieve a high brightness (MHz/(mW)^2) per comb line with a bin spacing of 15 GHz, and fidelities above 85% with maximally entangled Bell states up to a Hilbert space dimension of sixteen. By individually addressing each spectral mode, we realize states that can not be generated on-chip using a single resonator. We measure the correlation matrices of maximally entangled two-qubit and two-qutrit states on a set of mutually unbiased bases, finding fidelities exceeding 98%, and indicating that the source can find application in high-dimensional secure communication protocols.
Multi-dimensional entangled photon states represent an important resource in quantum communication networks. Specifically, hyperentangled states presenting simultaneous entanglement in several degrees of freedom (DoF) stand out for their noise resilience and information capacity. In this work, we demonstrate the generation of hyperentangled photon pairs in the time and frequency-bin domain by spontaneous four-wave mixing from the coherent driving of two integrated silicon microresonators. We demonstrate entanglement in each DoF by proving the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality by more than 27 standard deviations (STDs) in each reduced space. Genuine hyperentanglement is then assessed from the negativity of a hyperentanglement witness, which is verified by more than 60 STDs. These results mark the first, to the best of our knowledge, demonstration of time-frequency bin hyperentanglement in an integrated silicon photonic device.
Quantum optical microcombs in integrated ring resonators generate entangled photon pairs over many spectral modes, and allow the preparation of high-dimensional qudit states. Ideally, those sources should be programmable and have a high generation rate, with comb lines tightly spaced for the implementation of efficient qudit gates based on electro-optic frequency mixing. While these requirements cannot all be satisfied by a single resonator device, for which there is a trade-off between the high generation rate and tight bin spacing, a promising strategy is the use of multiple resonators, each generating photon pairs in specific frequency bins via spontaneous four-wave mixing. Based on this approach we present a programmable silicon photonics device for the generation of frequency-bin-entangled qudits, in which bin spacing, qudit dimension, and the bipartite quantum state can be reconfigured on chip. Using resonators with a radius of $22\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$, we achieve a high brightness [about MHz/(mW)2\mathrm{MHz}/(\mathrm{mW}{)}^{2}MHz/(mW)2] per comb line with a bin spacing of 15 GHz, and fidelities above 85% with maximally entangled Bell states up to a Hilbert space dimension of 16. By individually addressing each spectral mode, we realize states that cannot be generated on chip using a single resonator. We measure the correlation matrices of maximally entangled two-qubit and two-qutrit states on a set of mutually unbiased bases, finding fidelities exceeding 98%, and indicating that the source can find application in high-dimensional secure communication protocols.
A scheme for heralded generation of frequency-bin photonic qubits via spontaneous four-wave mixing in a system of coupled microring resonators (a photonic molecule) is developed so that the qubit state is fully controlled by the frequency amplitude of the pump field. It is shown that coupling parameters of the photonic molecule can be optimized to provide generation of nearly pure heralded photons. The heralded qubit state does not depend on the microring resonator mode frequency, thereby allowing one to take advantage of frequency multiplexing for improving efficiency of quantum information processing.