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arXiv:2311.08232 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Revealing effects of the local dimension on a variable-range interacting model by connecting Lieb-Robinson bounds and multipartite entanglement

Keshav Das Agarwal, Debkanta Ghosh, Pritam Halder, Aditi Sen De

Published Jan 9, 2026• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A spin-$s$ variable-range interacting Ising model may display qualitatively different behaviors depending on the fall-off rate of the interactions, as already seen in equilibrium studies of spin-1/2 systems. We propose a dynamical method using weighted graph states, generated through time evolution that confirms the existence of the transition point in the fall-off rate for the spin-$s$ Ising model. Moreover, the dependence of local dimension on information spreading and multipartite entanglement profile in this model remains unclear, which we establish here. In particular, our analysis shows that the maximum of genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) with the fall-off rate serves as a clear indicator of the information spreading, which aligns with changes in the profile of the Lieb-Robinson bound. Further, in the case of an open chain, the spread of information is related to the divergence in the first derivative of GME. Additionally, we validate this signature by performing a scaling analysis of the time-averaged mutual information.

DOI
10.1103/3d7w-2n3m

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A spin-sss variable-range interacting Ising model may display qualitatively different behaviors depending on the fall-off rate of the interactions, as already seen in equilibrium studies of spin-1/2 systems. We propose a dynamical method using weighted graph states, generated through time evolution that confirms the existence of the transition point in the fall-off rate for the spin-sss Ising model. Moreover, the dependence of local dimension on information spreading and multipartite entanglement profile in this model remains unclear, which we establish here. In particular, our analysis shows that the maximum of genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) with the fall-off rate serves as a clear indicator of the information spreading, which aligns with changes in the profile of the Lieb-Robinson bound. Further, in the case of an open chain, the spread of information is related to the divergence in the first derivative of GME. Additionally, we validate this signature by performing a scaling analysis of the time-averaged mutual information.
The cluster state acquired by evolving the nearest-neighbor (NN) Ising model from a completely separable state is the resource for measurement-based quantum computation. Instead of an NN system, a variable-range power-law interacting Ising model can generate a weighted graph state (WGS) whose genuine multipartite entanglement may reveal intrinsic characteristics of the evolving Hamiltonian. We establish that the generalized geometric measure (GGM) in the time evolved state with an arbitrary number of qubits is sensitive to falloff rates and the range of interactions of the evolving Hamiltonian. We report that the time-derivative and time-averaged GGM at a particular time can detect the transition points present in the falloff rates of the interaction strength, separating different regions, namely, long-range, quasilocal, and local ones in one- and two-dimensional lattices with deformation. Moreover, we illustrate that in the quasilocal and local regimes there exists a minimum coordination number in the evolving Ising model for a fixed total number of qubits which can mimic the GGM of the long-range model. In order to achieve a finite-size subsystem from the entire system, we design a local measurement strategy that allows a WGS of an arbitrary number of qubits to be reduced to a local unitarily equivalent WGS having fewer qubits with modified weights.
The Lieb-Robinson bound sets a theoretical upper limit on the speed at which information can propagate in nonrelativistic quantum spin networks. In its original version, it results in an exponentially exploding function of the evolution time, which is partially mitigated by an exponentially decreasing term that instead depends upon the distance covered by the signal (the ratio between the two exponents effectively defining an upper bound on the propagation speed). In the present paper, by properly accounting for the free parameters of the model, we show how to turn this construction into a stronger inequality where the upper limit only scales polynomially with respect to the evolution time. Our analysis applies to any chosen topology of the network, as long as the range of the associated interaction is explicitly finite. For the special case of linear spin networks we present also an alternative derivation based on a perturbative expansion approach which improves the previous inequality. In the same context we also establish a lower bound to the speed of the information spread which yields a nontrivial result at least in the limit of small propagation times.
Understanding the dynamics of many-body systems is crucial for understanding, e.g., thermalization or transmission of information. Nevertheless, little is known in the case of quantum systems with long-range interactions. Here, we analyze the long-range Ising model in a transverse field, where interactions decay as a power-law with distance ∝r−α\propto r^{-\alpha}∝r−α, α>0\alpha>0α>0. Using complementary numerical and analytical techniques, we identify three dynamical regimes: short-range-like with an emerging light cone for α>2\alpha>2α>2; weakly long-range for 1<α<21<\alpha<21<α<2 without a clear light cone but with a finite propagation speed of excitations; and fully non-local for α<1\alpha<1α<1 with instantaneous transmission of correlations. This last regime breaks generalized Lieb--Robinson bounds. Numerical calculation of the entanglement spectrum demonstrates that the usual picture of propagating quasi-particles remains valid for long-range interactions. This allows an intuitive interpretation in terms of qualitative changes to the spin-wave dispersion, leading to diverging quasi-particle velocities in the long-range regime. Our results may be tested in state-of-the-art trapped-ion experiments.
We investigate how irreducible multipartite entanglement, a long-range correlation by nature, can emerge from short-range dynamics far from equilibrium. Focusing on the Markov gap as a probe of irreducible tripartite entanglement (IrTE) in free-fermion chains, we uncover qualitatively distinct dynamical behaviors: the Markov gap grows either quasi-linearly or in staircase-like jumps depending on the initial state. We also propose attainable upper and lower bounds for the onset time of IrTE based on the Lieb-Robinson bound. Strikingly, the Markov gap saturates to a volume-law value on a timescale t∼ ⁣L2t\sim\! L^2t∼L2, much slower than the ballistic spreading of bipartite correlations. To understand what information about the wavefunctions is revealed by the Markov gap calculation, we introduce the concept of essential tripartite fermion (ETF) and an associated tripartite null matrix. The value of Markov gap closely tracks the number of small singular values of this tripartite null matrix, yielding a transparent, operational physical interpretation of the measure. We further demonstrate that several dynamical signatures persist in the interacting XXZ chain.
The nonequilibrium response of a quantum many-body system defines its fundamental transport properties and how initially localized quantum information spreads. However, for long-range-interacting quantum systems little is known. We address this issue by analyzing a local quantum quench in the long-range Ising model in a transverse field, where interactions decay as a variable power law with distance ∝r(-α), α>0. Using complementary numerical and analytical techniques, we identify three dynamical regimes: short-range-like with an emerging light cone for α>2, weakly long range for 1<α<2 without a clear light cone but with a finite propagation speed of almost all excitations, and fully nonlocal for α<1 with instantaneous transmission of correlations. This last regime breaks generalized Lieb-Robinson bounds and thus locality. Numerical calculation of the entanglement spectrum demonstrates that the usual picture of propagating quasiparticles remains valid, allowing an intuitive interpretation of our findings via divergences of quasiparticle velocities. Our results may be tested in state-of-the-art trapped-ion experiments.
We establish a general scaling law for the entanglement of a large class of ground states and dynamically evolving states of quantum spin chains: we show that the geometric entropy of a distinguished block saturates, and hence follows an entanglement-boundary law. These results apply to any ground state of a gapped model resulting from dynamics generated by a local Hamiltonian, as well as, dually, to states that are generated via a sudden quench of an interaction as recently studied in the case of dynamics of quantum phase transitions. We achieve these results by exploiting ideas from quantum information theory and tools provided by Lieb-Robinson bounds. We also show that there exist noncritical fermionic systems and equivalent spin chains with rapidly decaying interactions violating this entanglement-boundary law. Implications for the classical simulatability are outlined.