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arXiv:2310.16091 · SciPost Physics Core

Long-range entanglement and topological excitations

Gianpaolo Torre, Jovan Odavić, Pierre Fromholz, S. M. Giampaolo, Fabio Franchini

Published Aug 5, 2024• 13 citations
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Abstract

Topological order comes in different forms, and its classification and detection is an important field of modern research. In this work, we show that the Disconnected Entanglement Entropy, a measure originally introduced to identify topological phases, is also able to unveil the long-range entanglement (LRE) carried by a single, fractionalized excitation. We show this by considering a quantum, delocalized domain wall excitation that can be introduced into a system by inducing geometric frustration in an antiferromagnetic spin chain. Furthermore, we show that the LRE of such systems is resilient against a quantum quench and the introduction of disorder, as it happens in traditional symmetry-protected topological phases. All these evidences establish the existence of a new phase induced by frustration with topological features despite not being of the usual type.

DOI
10.21468/scipostphyscore.7.3.050

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Topological order comes in different forms, and its classification and detection is an important field of modern research. In this work, we show that the Disconnected Entanglement Entropy, a measure originally introduced to identify topological phases, is also able to unveil the long-range entanglement (LRE) carried by a single, fractionalized excitation. We show this by considering a quantum, delocalized domain wall excitation that can be introduced into a system by inducing geometric frustration in an antiferromagnetic spin chain. Furthermore, we show that the LRE of such systems is resilient against a quantum quench and the introduction of disorder, as it happens in traditional symmetry-protected topological phases. All these evidences establish the existence of a new phase induced by frustration with topological features despite not being of the usual type.
We explore the behavior of the disconnected entanglement entropy (DEE) across the topological phases of a long-range interacting Kitaev chain where the long-range interactions decay as a power law with an exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. We show that while the DEE may not remain invariant deep within the topologically nontrivial phase when $\ensuremath{\alpha}<1$, it nevertheless shows a quantized discontinuous jump at the quantum critical point and can act as a strong marker for the detection of topological phase transition. We also study the time evolution of the DEE after a sudden quench of the chemical potential within the same phase. In the short-range limit of a finite chain, the DEE is expected to remain constant up to a critical time after the quench, which diverges in the thermodynamic limit. However, no such critical time is found to exist when the long-range interactions dominate (i.e., $\ensuremath{\alpha}<1$).
We explore the behavior of the disconnected entanglement entropy (DEE) across the topological phases of a long range interacting Kitaev chain where the long range interactions decay as a power law with an exponent α\alphaα. We show that while the DEE may not remain invariant deep within the topologically non-trivial phase when α<1\alpha<1α<1, it still shows a quantized discontinuous jump at the quantum critical point and can act as a strong marker for the detection of topological phase transition for the long range interacting systems. We also study the time evolution of the disconnected entanglement entropy after a sudden quench of chemical potential within same phase. In the short range limit of a finite chain, the DEE is expected to remain constant upto a critical time which diverges in the thermodynamic limit. However, we find that no such critical time exists in the presence of long range interactions (α<1\alpha<1α<1).
Although in general boundary conditions do not affect the bulk properties of a system, some of them are special and defy such expectation. This is the case, for instance, of those inducing geometrical frustration in a classical magnet. Recently, the study of such settings in quantum systems (dubbed topological frustration) has uncovered peculiar features, interesting both from a fundamental and technological point of view. In this work, we present and discuss the behavior of several quantum resources in presence of TF, namely the (disconnected) entanglement entropy and the non-stabilizerness Renyi entropy. We will show that, compared to their non-frustrated counterparts, TF adds a distinct contribution to these resources, due to a stable, delocalized, topological excitation. Remarkably, this contribution can be calculated analytically, due to its similarities with that of a W-state.
It is known that for a topologically ordered state the area law for the entanglement entropy shows a negative universal additive constant contribution, $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, called the topological entanglement entropy. We theoretically study the entanglement entropy of the two-dimensional Shastry-Sutherland quantum antiferromagnet using exact diagonalization on clusters of 16 and 24 spins. By utilizing the Kitaev-Preskill construction [A. Kitaev and J. Preskill, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 110404 (2006)] we extract a finite topological term, $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, in the region of bond-strength parameter space corresponding to high geometrical frustration. Thus, we provide strong evidence for the existence of an exotic topologically ordered state and shed light on the nature of this model's strongly frustrated, and long controversial, intermediate phase.
A charged entanglement entropy is a new measure which probes quantum entanglement between different charge sectors. We study symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases in (2+1)-dimensional space-time by using this charged entanglement entropy. SPT phases are short-range entangled states without topological order and hence cannot be detected by the topological entanglement entropy. We demonstrate that the universal part of the charged entanglement entropy is nonzero for nontrivial SPT phases and therefore it is a useful measure to detect short-range entangled topological phases. We also discuss that the classification of SPT phases based on the charged topological entanglement entropy is related to that of the braiding statistics of quasiparticles.
A fundamental distinction between many-body quantum states are those with short- and long-range entanglement (SRE and LRE). The latter cannot be created by finite-depth circuits, underscoring the nonlocal nature of Schrödinger cat states, topological order, and quantum criticality. Remarkably, examples are known where LRE is obtained by performing single-site measurements on SRE, such as the toric code from measuring a sublattice of a 2D cluster state. However, a systematic understanding of when and how measurements of SRE give rise to LRE is still lacking. Here, we establish that LRE appears upon performing measurements on symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases—of which the cluster state is one example. For instance, we show how to implement the Kramers-Wannier transformation by adding a cluster SPT to an input state followed by measurement. This transformation naturally relates states with SRE and LRE. An application is the realization of double-semion order when the input state is the Z 2 Levin-Gu SPT. Similarly, the addition of fermionic SPTs and measurement leads to an implementation of the Jordan-Wigner transformation of a general state. More generally, we argue that a large class of SPT phases protected by G × H symmetry gives rise to anomalous LRE upon measuring G -charges, and we prove that this persists for generic points in the SPT phase under certain conditions. Our work introduces a new practical tool for using SPT phases as resources for creating LRE, and we uncover the classification result that all states related by sequentially gauging Abelian groups or by Jordan-Wigner transformation are in the same equivalence class, once we augment finite-depth circuits with single-site measurements. In particular, any topological or fracton order with a solvable finite gauge group can be obtained from a product state in this way. Published by the American Physical Society 2024