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arXiv:2310.03728 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Characterizing and mitigating timing-noise- induced decoherence in single-electron sources

Sungguen Ryu, Rosa López, Llorenç Serra, David Sánchez, Michael V. Moskalets

Published Apr 17, 2024• 2 citations
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Abstract

Identifying and controlling decoherence in single-electron sources (SESs) is important for their applications in quantum information processing. The recent experiments with ultrashort electron pulses [J. D. Fletcher et al., Nat. Commun. 10, 5298 (2019)] demonstrate strong decoherence that cannot be caused by traditional mechanisms such as electron-electron or electron-phonon interactions. Here we propose timing noise as a universal model, consistent with existing experimental data, to explain strong decoherence of ultrafast SES pulses, without resorting to any specific microscopic mechanism for such decoherence. We also propose a protocol to filter out timing noise which works even in the presence of other decoherence effects, such as those present in, e.g., low-energy SESs.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.109.165306

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Identifying and controlling decoherence in single-electron sources (SESs) is important for their applications in quantum information processing. The recent experiments with ultrashort electron pulses [J. D. Fletcher et al., Nat. Commun. 10, 5298 (2019)] demonstrate strong decoherence that cannot be caused by traditional mechanisms such as electron-electron or electron-phonon interactions. Here we propose timing noise as a universal model, consistent with existing experimental data, to explain strong decoherence of ultrafast SES pulses, without resorting to any specific microscopic mechanism for such decoherence. We also propose a protocol to filter out timing noise which works even in the presence of other decoherence effects, such as those present in, e.g., low-energy SESs.
In this report we review the present state of the art of the control of propagating quantum states at the single-electron level and its potential application to quantum information processing. We give an overview of the different approaches that have been developed over the last few years in order to gain full control over a propagating single-electron in a solid-state system. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts, we present experiments on flying qubit circuits for ensemble of electrons measured in the low frequency (DC) limit. We then present the basic ingredients necessary to realise such experiments at the single-electron level. This includes a review of the various single-electron sources that have been developed over the last years and which are compatible with integrated single-electron circuits. This is followed by a review of recent key experiments on electron quantum optics with single electrons. Finally we will present recent developments in the new physics that has emerged using ultrashort voltage pulses. We conclude our review with an outlook and future challenges in the field.
In this report we review the present state of the art of the control of propagating quantum states at the single-electron level and its potential application to quantum information processing. We give an overview of the different approaches that have been developed over the last few years in order to gain full control over a propagating single-electron in a solid-state system. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts, we present experiments on flying qubit circuits for ensemble of electrons measured in the low frequency (DC) limit. We then present the basic ingredients necessary to realise such experiments at the single-electron level. This includes a review of the various single-electron sources that have been developed over the last years and which are compatible with integrated single-electron circuits. This is followed by a review of recent key experiments on electron quantum optics with single electrons. Finally we will present recent developments in the new physics that has emerged using ultrashort voltage pulses. We conclude our review with an outlook and future challenges in the field.
The application of dynamical decoupling pulses to a single qubit interacting with a linear harmonic oscillator bath with 1/f1/f1/f (more generally, strong low-frequency) spectral density is studied, and compared to the Ohmic case. Decoupling pulses that are slower than the fastest bath time scale are shown to drastically reduce the decoherence rate in the 1/f1/f1/f case. Contrary to conclusions drawn from previous studies, this shows that dynamical decoupling pulses do not always have to be ultrafast. Our results explain the recent experiment in which dephasing due to 1/f1/f1/f charge noise affecting a charge qubit in a small superconducting electrode was successfully suppressed using spin-echo-type gate-voltage pulses.
The efficiency of the future devices for quantum information processing is limited mostly by the finite decoherence rates of the individual qubits and quantum gates. Recently, substantial progress was achieved in enhancing the time within which a solid-state qubit demonstrates coherent dynamics. This progress is based mostly on a successful isolation of the qubits from external decoherence sources obtained by engineering. Under these conditions, the material-inherent sources of noise start to play a crucial role. In most cases, quantum devices are affected by noise decreasing with frequency fff approximately as 1/f1/f1/f. According to the present point of view, such noise is due to material- and device-specific microscopic degrees of freedom interacting with quantum variables of the nanodevice. The simplest picture is that the environment that destroys the phase coherence of the device can be thought of as a system of two-state fluctuators, which experience random hops between their states. If the hopping times are distributed in an exponentially broad domain, the resulting fluctuations have a spectrum close to 1/f1/f1/f in a large frequency range. This paper reviews the current state of the theory of decoherence due to degrees of freedom producing 1/f1/f1/f noise. Basic mechanisms of such noises in various nanodevices are discussed and several models describing the interaction of the noise sources with quantum devices are reviewed. The main focus of the review is to analyze how the 1/f1/f1/f noise destroys their coherent operation. The start is from individual qubits concentrating mostly on the devices based on superconductor circuits and then some special issues related to more complicated architectures are discussed. Finally, several strategies for minimizing the noise-induced decoherence are considered.
We present a scheme to neutralize the dephasing effect induced by classical noise on a qubit. The scheme builds upon the key idea that this kind of noise can be recorded by a classical device during the qubit evolution, and that its effect can be undone by a suitable control sequence that is conditioned on the measurement result. We specifically demonstrate this scheme on a nitrogen-vacancy center that strongly couples to current noise in a nearby conductor. By conditioning the readout observable on a measurement of the current, we recover the full qubit coherence and the qubit's intrinsic coherence time T2. We demonstrate that this scheme provides a simple way to implement single-qubit gates with an infidelity of 10−2 even if they are driven by noisy sources, and we estimate that an infidelity of 10−5 could be reached with additional improvements. We anticipate this method to find widespread adoption in experiments using fast control pulses driven from strong currents, in particular, in nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging, where control of peak currents of 100 mA with a bandwidth of 100 MHz is required.
Many quantum dot qubits operate in regimes where the energy splittings between qubit states are large and phonons can be the dominant source of decoherence. The recently proposed charge quadrupole qubit, based on one electron in a triple quantum dot, employs a highly symmetric charge distribution to suppress the influence of long-wavelength charge noise. To study the effects of phonons on the charge quadrupole qubit, we consider Larmor and Ramsey pulse sequences to identify favorable operating parameters. We show that phonon-induced decoherence increases with the qubit frequency, in contrast to the effects of charge noise. We also show that there is an optimum value of the tunnel coupling of the qubit at which the decohering effects of phonons and charge noise are small enough to be consistent with single qubit gate fidelities > 99.99%.