Abstract Random numbers form an intrinsic part of modern day computing with applications in a wide variety of fields, and quantum systems due to their intrinsic randomness form a suitable candidate for generation of true random numbers that can also be certified. In this work, we have demonstrated the use of cloud based quantum computers to develop a partially loophole free device-independent quantum random number generator (QRNG). The generated random numbers have been tested for their source of origin through experiments based on the testing of Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt (CHSH) inequality through available IBM quantum computers. The performance of each quantum computer against the CHSH test has been plotted and characterized. Further, efforts have been made to close as many loopholes as possible to produce device-independent quantum random number generators. This study will help provide new directions for the development of self-testing and semi-self-testing random number generators using quantum computers.
Abstract Random numbers form an intrinsic part of modern day computing with applications in a wide variety of fields, and quantum systems due to their intrinsic randomness form a suitable candidate for generation of true random numbers that can also be certified. In this work, we have demonstrated the use of cloud based quantum computers to develop a partially loophole free device-independent quantum random number generator (QRNG). The generated random numbers have been tested for their source of origin through experiments based on the testing of Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt (CHSH) inequality through available IBM quantum computers. The performance of each quantum computer against the CHSH test has been plotted and characterized. Further, efforts have been made to close as many loopholes as possible to produce device-independent quantum random number generators. This study will help provide new directions for the development of self-testing and semi-self-testing random number generators using quantum computers.
Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) use the inherent unpredictability of quantum mechanics to generate true randomness, as opposed to classical random number generators. However, ensuring the authenticity of this randomness still requires robust verification. Self-testing QRNGs address this need by enabling the validation of the randomness produced based on the observed data from the experiment while requiring few assumptions. In this work, we present a practical, self-testing QRNG designed to operate with an untrusted measurement device and a partially characterized source, allowing the user to check the adequate functioning of the setup in real time. Our experiment yields a rate of certified random bits of 450 kbps.
Abstract Quantum random number generator (QRNG) relies on the intrinsic randomness of quantum mechanics to produce true random numbers which are important in information processing tasks. Due to the presence of the superposition state, quantum computer can be used as a true random number generator. However, in practice, the implementation of quantum computer is subject to various noise sources which affect the randomness of the generated random numbers. To solve this problem, we propose a source-independent QRNG (SI-QRNG) scheme based on quantum computer which is motivated by the SI-QRNG scheme in quantum optics. The scheme can provide certified randomness by estimating the preparation error of superposition states in real time even when the source is untrusted, under the assumption that the measurement operation is trusted. Our analysis takes into account the readout error of quantum state and further gives the final extracted number of random bits. And the estimation method of preparation error of superposition state in randomness source. We also provide a parameter optimization method to increase the generation rate of random bits. In addition, by utilizing the cloud superconducting quantum computer of IBM, we experimentally demonstrate the practicality of our SI-QRNG scheme and achieve the generation of true random numbers.
Quantum random number generator (QRNG) relies on the intrinsic randomness of quantum mechanics to produce true random numbers which are important in information processing tasks. Due to the presence of the superposition state, a quantum computer can be used as a true random number generator. However, in practice, the implementation of the quantum computer is subject to various noise sources, which affects the randomness of the generated random numbers. To solve this problem, we propose a scheme based on the quantum computer which is motivated by the source-independent QRNG scheme in optics. By using a method to estimate the upper bound of the superposition state preparation error, the scheme can provide certified randomness in the presence of readout errors. To increase the generation rate of random bits, we also provide a parameter optimization method with a finite data size. In addition, we experimentally demonstrate our scheme on the cloud superconducting quantum computers of IBM.
Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum theory, rendering them a foundational segment of quantum cryptography. Distinguished from trusted-device QRNGs whose security depends on characterized devices, semi-device-independent (semi-DI) QRNGs permit partial devices to be defective or even maliciously manipulated, which achieves a good trade-off between generation rate and security. In this paper, we propose a semi-DI QRNG that resists general attacks while accounting for finite-size effects. The protocol requires no rigorous characterization of the source and measurement devices other than limiting the energy of the emitted states, significantly reducing the demands on practical QRNG systems. Leveraging the tight Kato inequality for correlated variables, we show that our protocol generates more randomness than it consumes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the scheme on a continuous-variable system with ternary inputs of states. Heterodyne detection is employed to enable phase compensation through data postprocessing, alleviating the stringent requirement on system stability. The system operates at 100 MHz, achieving a net random number generation rate of 1.165 Mbps at 5.3x10^9 rounds. Our work offers a promising approach to achieve both the robust security and high generation rate with a simple experimental setup.
Abstract As a fundamental phenomenon in nature, randomness has a wide range of applications in the fields of science and engineering. Among different types of random number generators (RNG), quantum random number generator (QRNG) is a kind of promising RNG as it can provide provable true random numbers based on the inherent randomness of fundamental quantum processes. Nevertheless, the randomness from a QRNG can be diminished (or even destroyed) if the devices (especially the entropy source devices) are not perfect or ill-characterized. To eliminate the practical security loopholes from the source, source-independent QRNGs, which allow the source to have arbitrary and unknown dimensions, have been introduced and become one of the most important semi-device-independent (DI) QRNGs. Herein a method that enables ultra-fast unpredictable quantum random number generation from quadrature fluctuations of quantum optical field without any assumptions on the input states is proposed. Particularly, to estimate a lower bound on the extractable randomness that is independent from side information held by an eavesdropper, a new security analysis framework is established based on the extremality of Gaussian states, which can be easily extended to design and analyze new semi-DI continuous variable QRNG protocols. Moreover, the practical imperfections of the QRNG including the effects of excess noise, finite sampling range, finite resolution and asymmetric conjugate quadratures are taken into account and quantitatively analyzed. Finally, the proposed method is experimentally demonstrated to obtain high secure random number generation rates of 15.07 Gbits s −1 in off-line configuration and can potentially achieve 6 Gbits s −1 by real-time post-processing.
The subject matter of the article is pseudo-random number generators. Random numbers play the important role in cryptography. Using not secure pseudo-random number generators is a very common weakness. It is also a fundamental resource in science and engineering. There are algorithmically generated numbers that are similar to random distributions but are not random, called pseudo-random number generators. In many cases the tasks to be solved are based on the unpredictability of random numbers, which cannot be guaranteed in the case of pseudo-random number generators, true randomness is required. In such situations, we use real random number generators whose source of randomness is unpredictable random events. Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) generate real random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum measurements. The goal is to develop a mathematical model of the generator, which generates fast random numbers at a lower cost. At the same time, a high level of randomness is essential. Through quantum mechanics, we can obtain true numbers using the unpredictable behavior of a photon, which is the basis of many modern cryptographic protocols. It is essential to trust cryptographic random number generators to generate only true random numbers. This is why certification methods are needed which will check both the operation of the device and the quality of the random bits generated. The goal of the research is also to develop the model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG). The tasks to be solved are to create the mathematical model of a random number generator, which generates the fast random numbers at a lower cost. To create the mathematical model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators. To integrate a hybrid semi self-testing certification method to the hybrid random number generator. the methods used are mathematical optimization and simulation. The following results were obtained: we present the improved hybrid quantum random number generator, which is based on QRNG, which uses the time of arrival of photons. The model of a hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG) is offered in the paper. This method combines different types of certification approaches and is rather secure and efficient. Finally, the hybrid certification method is integrated into the model of the new quantum random number generator. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: 1. The hybrid quantum random number generator is offered, which is based on QRNG, which uses the time of the arrival of photons. It uses the simple version of the detectors with few requirements. The hybrid QRNG produces more than one random bit per the detection of each photon. It is rather efficient and has a high level of randomness. 2. The hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators (QRNG) is offered. The Self-testing, as well as device-independent quantum random number generation methods, are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are identified. Based on the result the hybrid method is offered. 3. The hybrid semi self-testing certification method for quantum random number generators is integrated into the offered model of the quantum random number generator. The paper analyzes its security and efficiency. The paper offers to use the new random number generator in the crypto-schemes.