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arXiv:2308.03564 · Nuclear Physics B

New series of multi-parametric solutions to GYBE: Quantum gates and integrability

Shahane A. Khachatryan

Published Oct 16, 2023• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We obtain two series of spectral parameter dependent solutions to the generalized Yang-Baxter equations (GYBE), for definite types of N12×N22 matrices with general dimensions N1 and N2. Appropriate extensions are presented for the inhomogeneous GYBEs. The first series of the solutions includes as particular cases the X-shaped trigonometric braiding matrices. For construction of the second series the colored and graded permutation operators are defined, and multi-spectral parameter Yang-Baxterization is performed. For some examples the corresponding integrable models are discussed. The unitary solutions existing in these two series can be considered as generalizations of the multipartite Bell matrices in the quantum information theory.

DOI
10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2023.116375

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We obtain two series of spectral parameter dependent solutions to the generalized Yang-Baxter equations (GYBE), for definite types of N12×N22 matrices with general dimensions N1 and N2. Appropriate extensions are presented for the inhomogeneous GYBEs. The first series of the solutions includes as particular cases the X-shaped trigonometric braiding matrices. For construction of the second series the colored and graded permutation operators are defined, and multi-spectral parameter Yang-Baxterization is performed. For some examples the corresponding integrable models are discussed. The unitary solutions existing in these two series can be considered as generalizations of the multipartite Bell matrices in the quantum information theory.
We have constructed series of the spectral parameter dependent solutions to the Yang–Baxter equations defined on the tensor product of reducible representations with a symmetry of quantum (super)algebra. These series are produced as descendant solutions from the s l q ( 2 ) -invariant Hecke type R r r ( u ) -matrices. The analogues of the matrices of Hecke type with the symmetry of the quantum super-algebra o s p q ( 1 | 2 ) are obtained precisely. For the homogeneous solutions R r 2 − 1 r 2 − 1 there are constructed Hamiltonian operators of the corresponding one-dimensional quantum integrable models, which describe rather intricate interactions between different kind of spin states. Centralizer operators defined on the products of the composite states are discussed. The inhomogeneous series of the operators R r R ( u ) , extended Lax operators of Hecke type, also are suggested.
Starting from the Kauffman-Lomonaco braiding matrix transforming the natural basis to Bell states, the spectral parameter describing the entanglement is introduced through Yang-Baxterization. It gives rise to a new type of solutions for Yang-Baxter equation, called the type-II that differs from the familiar solution called type-I of YBE associated with the usual chain models. The Majorana fermionic version of type-II yields the Kitaev Hamiltonian. The introduced ℓ 1 -norm leads to the maximum of the entanglement by taking the extreme value and shows that it is related to the Wigner's D-function. Based on the Yang-Baxter equation the 3-body S-Matrix for type-II is explicitly given. Different from the type-I solution, the type-II solution of YBE should be considered in describing quantum information. The idea is further extended to 3 parafermion model based on SU (3) principal representation. The type-II is in difference from the familiar type-I in many respects. For example, the quantities corresponding to velocity in the chain models obey the Lorentzian additivity rather than Galilean rule ( u + v ). Most possibly, for the type-II solutions of YBE there may not exist RTT relation. Further more, for 3 parafermion model we only need the rational Yang-Baxterization, which seems like trigonometric. Similar discussions are also made in terms of generalized Yang-Baxter equation with three spin spaces .
The Yang-Baxter Equation (YBE) plays a crucial role for studying integrable many-body quantum systems. Many known YBE solutions provide various examples ranging from quantum spin chains to superconducting systems. Models of solvable statistical mechanics and their avatars are also based on YBE. Therefore, new solutions of the YBE could be used to construct new interesting 1D quantum or 2D classical systems with many other far-reaching applications. In this work, we attempt to find (almost) exhaustive set of solutions for the YBE in the lowest dimensions corresponding to a two-qubit case. We develop an algorithm, which can potentially be used for generating new higher-dimensional solutions of the YBE.
Entangled states, such as the Bell and GHZ states, are generated from separable states using matrices known to satisfy the Yang-Baxter equation and its generalization. This remarkable fact hints at the possibility of using braiding operators as quantum entanglers, and is part of a larger speculated connection between topological and quantum entanglement. We push the analysis of this connection forward, by showing that supersymmetry algebras can be used to construct large families of solutions of the spectral parameter-dependent generalized Yang-Baxter equation. We present a number of explicit examples and outline a general algorithm for arbitrary numbers of qubits. The operators we obtain produce, in turn, all the entangled states in a multi-qubit system classified by the Stochastic Local Operations and Classical Communication protocol introduced in quantum information theory.
Unitary solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation are important to quantum information science because they lead to unitary representations of the braid group, which can be used to design quantum logic gates that make up topological quantum circuits. By finding new unitary solutions to the Generalized Yang-Baxter equation in low dimensions and classifying them, we will be able to find new representations of the braid group which may lead to new designs for quantum logic gates used in quantum computers. Because it is extremely difficult to find solutions to the Generalized Yang-Baxter equation, we will narrow our search to set-theoretical solutions, that is, solutions that are also permutation matrices.
In this paper we describe connections among extraspecial 2-groups, unitary representations of the braid group and multi-qubit braiding quantum gates. We first construct new representations of extraspecial 2-groups. Extending the latter by the symmetric group, we construct new unitary braid representations, which are solutions to generalized Yang-Baxter equations and use them to realize new braiding quantum gates. These gates generate the GHZ (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger) states, for an arbitrary (particularly an \emph{odd}) number of qubits, from the product basis. We also discuss the Yang-Baxterization of the new braid group representations, which describes unitary evolution of the GHZ states. Our study suggests that through their connection with braiding gates, extraspecial 2-groups and the GHZ states may play an important role in quantum error correction and topological quantum computing.