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arXiv:2306.08596 · Nature Communications

Floquet-tailored Rydberg interactions

Luheng Zhao, Michael Dao Kang Lee, Mohammad Mujahid Aliyu, Huanqian Loh

Published Nov 6, 2023• 28 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The Rydberg blockade is a key ingredient for entangling atoms in arrays. However, it requires atoms to be spaced well within the blockade radius, which limits the range of local quantum gates. Here we break this constraint using Floquet frequency modulation, with which we demonstrate Rydberg-blockade entanglement beyond the traditional blockade radius and show how the enlarged entanglement range improves qubit connectivity in a neutral atom array. Further, we find that the coherence of entangled states can be extended under Floquet frequency modulation. Finally, we realize Rydberg anti-blockade states for two sodium Rydberg atoms within the blockade radius. Such Rydberg anti-blockade states for atoms at close range enables the robust preparation of strongly-interacting, long-lived Rydberg states, yet their steady-state population cannot be achieved with only the conventional static drive. Our work transforms between the paradigmatic regimes of Rydberg blockade versus anti-blockade and paves the way for realizing more connected, coherent, and tunable neutral atom quantum processors with a single approach.

DOI
10.1038/s41467-023-42899-8

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The Rydberg blockade is a key ingredient for entangling atoms in arrays. However, it requires atoms to be spaced well within the blockade radius, which limits the range of local quantum gates. Here we break this constraint using Floquet frequency modulation, with which we demonstrate Rydberg-blockade entanglement beyond the traditional blockade radius and show how the enlarged entanglement range improves qubit connectivity in a neutral atom array. Further, we find that the coherence of entangled states can be extended under Floquet frequency modulation. Finally, we realize Rydberg anti-blockade states for two sodium Rydberg atoms within the blockade radius. Such Rydberg anti-blockade states for atoms at close range enables the robust preparation of strongly-interacting, long-lived Rydberg states, yet their steady-state population cannot be achieved with only the conventional static drive. Our work transforms between the paradigmatic regimes of Rydberg blockade versus anti-blockade and paves the way for realizing more connected, coherent, and tunable neutral atom quantum processors with a single approach.
Abstract We theoretically propose a protocol for coherent quantum state control in a short periodically driven Rydberg atom array. This Floquet engineering effectively suppresses the Rabi coupling and further reshapes Rydberg–Rydberg interactions, enabling precise control of Rydberg dynamics, including population trapping and blockade dynamics. This capability permits the coherent manipulation of targeted quantum states, such as the population-trapping ground state and entangled states with single or double excitations. A key finding is the robustness of these dynamics against variations in the Rydberg atom interaction, allowing for reliable control even in weak interaction regimes. Floquet spectral analysis further reveals that the stability — and eventual breakdown — of the frozen ground state is fundamentally governed by the splitting, convergence, and spacing of quasienergy levels. Moreover, a systematic analysis of parameter dependence identifies precise operational ranges for quantum state control. These results establish a practical framework for Floquet-engineered quantum manipulation, with promising prospects for quantum information processing applications.
Neutral-atom systems are promising platforms for quantum simulation and computation, owing to their long coherence times. However, their intrinsically weak ground-state interactions pose a major limitation to the advancement of scalable quantum simulation and computation. To address this challenge, we propose an approach to enhancing the ground-state interaction strength of neutral atoms via Floquet modulation of a Rydberg atomic ensemble. Each Floquet period consists of ground-state coupling followed by a pulse driving the transition from the ground state to the Rydberg state. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that after a defined evolution time, neutral atoms within Rydberg ensembles can collectively form a W state in the ground-state manifold. Even when the Rydberg interaction strength is far below the blockade regime, the fidelity remains remarkably high. Finally, we analyze the application of this scheme in the preparation of single-photon sources. In general, our proposed mechanism offers an efficient and highly controllable method for quantum state preparation within the Rydberg atomic ensembles, significantly enhancing the accuracy and stability of quantum state engineering while providing a well-controlled quantum environment for single-photon generation.
Neutral atom systems are promising platforms for quantum simulation and computation, owing to their long coherence times. However, their intrinsically weak ground-state interactions pose a major limitation to the advancement of scalable quantum simulation and computation. To address this challenge, we propose an approach to enhancing the ground-state interaction strength of neutral atoms via Floquet modulation of a Rydberg atomic ensemble. Each Floquet period consists of ground-state coupling followed by a pulse driving the transition from the ground state to the Rydberg state. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that after a defined evolution time, neutral atoms within Rydberg ensembles can collectively form a WWW state in the ground-state manifold. Even when the Rydberg interaction strength is far below the blockade regime, the fidelity remains remarkably high. Finally, we analyze the application of this scheme in the preparation of single-photon sources. In general, our proposed mechanism offers an efficient and highly controllable method for quantum state preparation within the Rydberg atomic ensembles, significantly enhancing the accuracy and stability of quantum state engineering while providing a well-controlled quantum environment for single-photon generation.
The Rydberg blockade mechanism is an important ingredient in quantum simulators based on neutral atom arrays. It enables the emergence of a rich variety of quantum phases of matter, such as topological spin liquids. The typically isotropic nature of the blockade effect, however, restricts the range of natively accessible models and quantum states. In this work, we propose a method to systematically overcome this limitation, by developing gadgets, i.e., specific arrangements of atoms, that transform the underlying Rydberg blockade into more general constraints. We apply this technique to realize dimer models on square and triangular geometries. In these setups, we study the role of the quantum fluctuations induced by a coherent drive of the atoms and find signatures of U ( 1 ) and Z 2 quantum spin liquid states in the respective ground states. Finally, we show that these states can be dynamically prepared with high fidelity, paving the way for the quantum simulation of a broader class of constrained models and topological matter in experiments with Rydberg atom arrays.
Abstract We propose new applications of Floquet theory in Rydberg atoms for constructing quantum entangling gates in atomic ground-state manifolds. By dynamically periodically modulating the Rabi frequencies of transitions between ground and Rydberg states of atoms, error-resilient two-qubit entangling gates can be implemented in the regime of Rydberg blockade. According to different degrees of Floquet theory utilization, the fidelity of the resulting controlled gates surpasses that of the original reference, and it exhibits high robustness against Rabi error in two qubits and detuning error in the control qubit. Our method only uses encoding in the ground states, and compared to the original scheme using Rydberg state for encoding, it is less susceptible to environmental interference, making it more practical to implement. Therefore, our approach may have broader applications or potential for further expansion of geometric quantum computation with neutral atoms.
We are exploring several different approaches towards scalable quantum computing based on neutral atom qubits with long range Rydberg blockade. Rydberg interactions can be used to entangle single atom qubits, to entangle ensemble qubits, and to establish hybrid entanglement between atomic and other qubits. Using a 2D array of atomic qubits we demonstrate high fidelity single qubit control together with entanglement of nearby qubits. The ratio of qubit coherence time to entangling gate time exceeds 1000.