Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2305.01156 · Physical Review A

Non-Markovian quantum interconnect formed by a surface plasmon polariton waveguide

Chun-Jie Yang, Xinyue Liu, Shiqiang Xia, Si‐Yuan Bai, Jun‐Hong An

Published Mar 18, 2024• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Allowing the generation of effective interactions between distant quantum emitters (QEs) via flying photons, quantum interconnect (QI) is essentially a light-matter interface and acts as a building block in quantum technologies. A surface plasmon polariton (SPP) supported by a metallic waveguide provides an ideal interface to explore strong light-matter couplings and to realize QI. However, the loss of SPP in metal makes the mediated entanglement of the QEs damp with the increase of the distance and time, which hinders its applications. We propose a scheme of non-Markovian QI formed by the SPP of a metallic nanowire. A mechanism to make the generated entanglement of the QEs persistent is discovered. We find that, as long as bound states are formed in the energy spectrum of total QE-SPP system, the damping of the SPP-mediated entanglement is overcome even in the presence of the metal absorption to the SPP. Our finding enriches our understanding of light-matter couplings in absorptive medium and paves the way for using the SPP in designing QI.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.109.033518

Related papers

Suppressed dissipation of a quantum emitter coupled to surface plasmon polaritons

Chun-Jie Yang, Jun‐Hong An

Enabling the confinement of light to a scale far below the one of conventional optics, surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) induced by an electromagnetic field in a metal-dielectric interface supply an ideal system to explore strong quantized light-matter coupling. The fast matter-SPP population exchange reported in previous works makes it a candidate for spin manipulation, but such reversible dynamics asymptotically vanishes accompanying the quantum matter relaxing completely to its ground state. Here, we study the exact dissipative dynamics of a quantum emitter (QE) coupled to SPPs. It is interesting to find that, qualitatively different from conventional findings, the QE can be partially stabilized in its excited state even in the presence of the lossy metal. Our analysis reveals that it is the formation of a QE-SPP bound state which results in such suppressed dissipation. Enriching the decoherence dynamics of the QE in the lossy medium, our result is helpful to understand QE-SPP interactions and apply plasmonic nanostructures in quantum devices.

arXiv:1612.06073•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Apr 26, 2017•48 citations

Observation of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between photon and polariton

Yun-Ru Fan, Ying-Ao Su, Kai Guo +11 more

Light-matter interactions underlie many quantum technologies, yet whether quasiparticles formed from such interactions preserve the full quantum state of light remains unresolved. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), a class of polaritons formed by interacting photons with free-electron oscillations at metal-dielectric interfaces, are prime candidates to explore this question. Here we demonstrate quantum interference between single photons and SPPs using an Au-SiN$_{\mathrm{x}}$ integrated photonic-plasmonic device. Our results reveal that SPPs retain the indistinguishability of their excitation photons, establishing SPP as a viable quantum information carrier and opening a potential route toward photonic-plasmonic quantum circuitry.

quant-pharXiv:2609.02200•Sep 3, 2026

Bound state and non-Markovian dynamics of a quantum emitter around a surface plasmonic nanostructure

Sha-Sha Wen, Yong-Gang Huang, Xiao-Yun Wang +7 more

A bound state between a quantum emitter (QE) and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be formed, where the excited QE will not relax completely to its ground state and is partially stabilized in its excited state after a long time. We develop some theoretical methods for investigating this problem and show how to form such a bound state and its effect on the non-Markovian decay dynamics. We put forward an efficient numerical approach for calculating the analytical part of the self-energy for frequency below the lower energy threshold. We also propose an efficient formalism for obtaining the long-time value of the excited-state population without calculating the eigenfrequency of the bound state or performing a time evolution of the system, in which the probability amplitude for the excited state in the steady limit is equal to one minus the integral of the evolution spectrum over the positive frequency range. With the above two quantities obtained, we show that the non-Markovian decay dynamics of an initially excited QE can be efficiently obtained by the method based on the Green's function expression for the evolution operator when a bound state exists. A general criterion for identifying the existence of a bound state is presented. The performances of the above methods are numerically demonstrated for a QE located around a metal nanosphere and in a gap plasmonic nanocavity. Numerical results show that these methods work well and the QE becomes partially stabilized in its excited state at a long time for the transition dipole moment beyond its critical value. In addition, it is also found that this critical value is heavily dependent on the distance between the QE and the metal surface, but nearly independent on the size of the nanosphere or the rod. Our methods can be utilized to understand the suppressed decay dynamics for a QE in an open quantum system and provide a general picture on how to form such a bound state.

arXiv:1908.03096•Optics Express•Feb 5, 2020•19 citations

Entanglement between surface-plasmon-polariton modes and its application to long-distance quantum communication

Jia‐Xin Peng, Baiqiang Zhu, Muhammad Asjad

We propose a scheme for achieving quantum entanglement between surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes in a hybrid plasmonic-graphene waveguide system. We then demonstrate that the entanglement of two SPP modes can serve as a useful resource for quantum communication of continuous-variable light signals over a long distance, mediated by concatenated swap operations. The teleportation fidelity of an unknown coherent state has strong robustness to loss and imperfect detection at relatively strong effective optical-microwave coupling. Our study opens the way for continuous-variable quantum communication and quantum information based on hybrid plasmonic-graphene systems.

Physical Review A•Sep 16, 2025•4 citations

Quantum teleportation mediated by surface plasmon polariton

Xin-he Jiang, Peng Chen, Kaiyi Qian +5 more

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are collective excitations of free electrons propagating along a metal-dielectric interface. Although some basic quantum properties of SPPs, such as the preservation of entanglement, the wave-particle duality of a single plasmon, the quantum interference of two plasmons, and the verification of entanglement generation, have been shown, more advanced quantum information protocols have yet to be demonstrated with SPPs. Here, we experimentally realize quantum state teleportation between single photons and SPPs. To achieve this, we use polarization-entangled photon pairs, coherent photon-plasmon-photon conversion on a metallic subwavelength hole array, complete Bell-state measurements and an active feed-forward technique. The results of both quantum state and quantum process tomography confirm the quantum nature of the SPP mediated teleportation. An average state fidelity of [Formula: see text] and a process fidelity of [Formula: see text], which are well above the classical limit, are achieved. Our work shows that SPPs may be useful for realizing complex quantum protocols in a photonic-plasmonic hybrid quantum network.

arXiv:1912.08345•Scientific Reports•Jul 13, 2020•15 citations

Long-lived qubit entanglement by surface plasmon polaritons in a Weyl semimetal

Muhammad Shoufie Ukhtary, Eddwi H. Hasdeo, Andriyan Bayu Suksmono +1 more

We investigate spontaneous entanglement of two qubits mediated by nonreciprocal surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a Weyl semimetal. In the absence of external magnetic fields, the topology of the Weyl semimetal even gives rise to nonreciprocal SPPs that are topologically protected and reside inside the photonic gap. We utilize this nonreciprocal SPP as a mediator of entanglement of two spatially separated qubits. Our two main findings are (1) the nonreciprocal SPP gives better quantum entanglement than the reciprocal one, and (2) the entanglement achieved in the Weyl semimetal is sufficiently long lived compared to the entanglement using SPPs in conventional metals.

arXiv:2206.00534•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Oct 10, 2022•6 citations
Allowing the generation of effective interactions between distant quantum emitters (QEs) via flying photons, quantum interconnect (QI) is essentially a light-matter interface and acts as a building block in quantum technologies. A surface plasmon polariton (SPP) supported by a metallic waveguide provides an ideal interface to explore strong light-matter couplings and to realize QI. However, the loss of SPP in metal makes the mediated entanglement of the QEs damp with the increase of the distance and time, which hinders its applications. We propose a scheme of non-Markovian QI formed by the SPP of a metallic nanowire. A mechanism to make the generated entanglement of the QEs persistent is discovered. We find that, as long as bound states are formed in the energy spectrum of total QE-SPP system, the damping of the SPP-mediated entanglement is overcome even in the presence of the metal absorption to the SPP. Our finding enriches our understanding of light-matter couplings in absorptive medium and paves the way for using the SPP in designing QI.
Enabling the confinement of light to a scale far below the one of conventional optics, surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) induced by an electromagnetic field in a metal-dielectric interface supply an ideal system to explore strong quantized light-matter coupling. The fast matter-SPP population exchange reported in previous works makes it a candidate for spin manipulation, but such reversible dynamics asymptotically vanishes accompanying the quantum matter relaxing completely to its ground state. Here, we study the exact dissipative dynamics of a quantum emitter (QE) coupled to SPPs. It is interesting to find that, qualitatively different from conventional findings, the QE can be partially stabilized in its excited state even in the presence of the lossy metal. Our analysis reveals that it is the formation of a QE-SPP bound state which results in such suppressed dissipation. Enriching the decoherence dynamics of the QE in the lossy medium, our result is helpful to understand QE-SPP interactions and apply plasmonic nanostructures in quantum devices.
Light-matter interactions underlie many quantum technologies, yet whether quasiparticles formed from such interactions preserve the full quantum state of light remains unresolved. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), a class of polaritons formed by interacting photons with free-electron oscillations at metal-dielectric interfaces, are prime candidates to explore this question. Here we demonstrate quantum interference between single photons and SPPs using an Au-SiNx_{\mathrm{x}}x​ integrated photonic-plasmonic device. Our results reveal that SPPs retain the indistinguishability of their excitation photons, establishing SPP as a viable quantum information carrier and opening a potential route toward photonic-plasmonic quantum circuitry.
A bound state between a quantum emitter (QE) and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be formed, where the excited QE will not relax completely to its ground state and is partially stabilized in its excited state after a long time. We develop some theoretical methods for investigating this problem and show how to form such a bound state and its effect on the non-Markovian decay dynamics. We put forward an efficient numerical approach for calculating the analytical part of the self-energy for frequency below the lower energy threshold. We also propose an efficient formalism for obtaining the long-time value of the excited-state population without calculating the eigenfrequency of the bound state or performing a time evolution of the system, in which the probability amplitude for the excited state in the steady limit is equal to one minus the integral of the evolution spectrum over the positive frequency range. With the above two quantities obtained, we show that the non-Markovian decay dynamics of an initially excited QE can be efficiently obtained by the method based on the Green's function expression for the evolution operator when a bound state exists. A general criterion for identifying the existence of a bound state is presented. The performances of the above methods are numerically demonstrated for a QE located around a metal nanosphere and in a gap plasmonic nanocavity. Numerical results show that these methods work well and the QE becomes partially stabilized in its excited state at a long time for the transition dipole moment beyond its critical value. In addition, it is also found that this critical value is heavily dependent on the distance between the QE and the metal surface, but nearly independent on the size of the nanosphere or the rod. Our methods can be utilized to understand the suppressed decay dynamics for a QE in an open quantum system and provide a general picture on how to form such a bound state.
We propose a scheme for achieving quantum entanglement between surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes in a hybrid plasmonic-graphene waveguide system. We then demonstrate that the entanglement of two SPP modes can serve as a useful resource for quantum communication of continuous-variable light signals over a long distance, mediated by concatenated swap operations. The teleportation fidelity of an unknown coherent state has strong robustness to loss and imperfect detection at relatively strong effective optical-microwave coupling. Our study opens the way for continuous-variable quantum communication and quantum information based on hybrid plasmonic-graphene systems.
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are collective excitations of free electrons propagating along a metal-dielectric interface. Although some basic quantum properties of SPPs, such as the preservation of entanglement, the wave-particle duality of a single plasmon, the quantum interference of two plasmons, and the verification of entanglement generation, have been shown, more advanced quantum information protocols have yet to be demonstrated with SPPs. Here, we experimentally realize quantum state teleportation between single photons and SPPs. To achieve this, we use polarization-entangled photon pairs, coherent photon-plasmon-photon conversion on a metallic subwavelength hole array, complete Bell-state measurements and an active feed-forward technique. The results of both quantum state and quantum process tomography confirm the quantum nature of the SPP mediated teleportation. An average state fidelity of [Formula: see text] and a process fidelity of [Formula: see text], which are well above the classical limit, are achieved. Our work shows that SPPs may be useful for realizing complex quantum protocols in a photonic-plasmonic hybrid quantum network.
We investigate spontaneous entanglement of two qubits mediated by nonreciprocal surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a Weyl semimetal. In the absence of external magnetic fields, the topology of the Weyl semimetal even gives rise to nonreciprocal SPPs that are topologically protected and reside inside the photonic gap. We utilize this nonreciprocal SPP as a mediator of entanglement of two spatially separated qubits. Our two main findings are (1) the nonreciprocal SPP gives better quantum entanglement than the reciprocal one, and (2) the entanglement achieved in the Weyl semimetal is sufficiently long lived compared to the entanglement using SPPs in conventional metals.