Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2303.11534

A simple quantum system that describes a black hole

JUAN M. MALDACENA

Published Mar 21, 2023• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

During the past decades, theorists have been studying quantum mechanical systems that are believed to describe black holes. We review one of the simplest examples. It involves a collection of interacting oscillators and Majorana fermions. It is conjectured to describe a black hole in an emergent universe governed by Einstein equations. Based on previous numerical computations, we make an estimate of the necessary number of qubits necessary to see some black hole features.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2303.11534

Related papers

Black Hole Type Quantum Computing in Critical Bose-Einstein Systems

Gia Dvali, Mischa Panchenko

Recent ideas about understanding physics of black hole information-processing in terms of quantum criticality allow us to implement black hole mechanisms of quantum computing within critical Bose-Einstein systems. The generic feature, uncovered both by analytic and numeric studies, is the emergence at the critical point of gapless weakly-interacting modes, which act as qubits for information-storage at a very low energy cost. These modes can be effectively described in terms of either Bogoliubov or Goldstone degrees of freedom. The ground-state at the critical point is maximally entangled and far from being classical. We confirm this near-critical behavior by a new analytic method. We compute growth of entanglement and show its consistency with black hole type behavior. On the other hand, in the over-critical regime the system develops a Lyapunov exponent and scrambles quantum information very fast. By, manipulating the system parameters externally, we can put it in and out of various regimes and in this way control the sequence of information storage and processing. By using gapless Bogoliubov modes as control qubits we design some simple logic gates.

arXiv:1507.08952•Jul 31, 2015•15 citations

The Lieb-Liniger model at the critical point as toy model for Black Holes

Mischa Panchenko

In a previous series of papers it was proposed that black holes can be understood as Bose-Einstein condensates at the critical point of a quantum phase transition. Therefore other bosonic systems with quantum criticalities, such as the Lieb-Liniger model with attractive interactions, could possibly be used as toy models for black holes. Even such simple models are hard to analyse, as mean field theory usually breaks down at the critical point. Very few analytic results are known. In this paper we present a method of studying such systems at quantum critical points analytically. We will be able to find explicit expressions for the low energy spectrum of the Lieb-Liniger model and thereby to confirm the expected black hole like properties of such systems. This opens up an exciting possibility of constructing and studying black hole like systems in the laboratory.

arXiv:1510.04535•Oct 15, 2015•7 citations

Mimicking black hole event horizons in atomic and solid-state systems

Marcel Franz, Moshe Rozali A

Holographic quantum matter exhibits an intriguing connection between quantum black holes and more conventional (albeit strongly interacting) quantum many-body systems. This connection is manifested in the study of their thermodynamics,statistical mechanics and many-body quantum chaos. After explaining some of those connections and their significance, we focus on the most promising example to date of holographic quantum matter, the family of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) models. Those are simple quantum mechanical models that are thought to realize, holographically, quantum black holes. We review and assess various proposals for experimental realizations of the SYK models. Such experimental realization offers the exciting prospect of accessing black hole physics, and thus addressing many mysterious questions in quantum gravity, in tabletop experiments.

arXiv:1808.00541•Aug 1, 2018•4 citations

Scrambling in the black hole portrait

Gia Dvali, Daniel Flassig, César Gómez +2 more

Recently a quantum portrait of black holes was suggested according to which a macroscopic black hole is a Bose--Einstein condensate of soft gravitons stuck at the critical point of a quantum phase transition. We explain why quantum criticality and instability are the key for an efficient generation of entanglement and consequently of the scrambling of information. By studying a simple Bose--Einstein prototype, we show that the scrambling time, which is set by the quantum break time of the system, goes as $\mathrm{log}\text{ }N$ for $N$ the number of quantum constituents or equivalently the black hole entropy.

arXiv:1307.3458•Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields•Dec 26, 2013•98 citations

Black Holes and the Edge of Physics

Antony Valentini

Abstract ‘Black Holes and the Edge of Physics’ delves into the mysteries of black holes, and shows how these enigmatic objects may transcend quantum physics. We begin with a review of how black holes form and eventually evaporate, resulting in the notorious problem of ‘information loss’. We show how pilot-wave theory could solve the problem by allowing information to escape at superluminal speeds. We describe an experiment that could test these and related ideas, involving astrophysical black holes in space. The chapter ends with an account of the life cycle of black holes and the role they may play in ‘reprocessing’ our quantum universe.

Beyond the Quantum•Sep 16, 2025•0 citations

On Mathematical Modeling Of Quantum Systems

P. Achuthan, Narayanankutty Karuppath, A. H. Siddiqi +2 more

The world of physical systems at the most fundamental levels is replete with efficient, interesting models possessing sufficient ability to represent the reality to a considerable extent. So far, quantum mechanics (QM) forming the basis of almost all natural phenomena, has found beyond doubt its intrinsic ingenuity, capacity and robustness to stand the rigorous tests of validity from and through appropriate calculations and experiments. No serious failures of quantum mechanical predictions have been reported, yet. However, Albert Einstein, the greatest theoretical physicist of the twentieth century and some other eminent men of science have stated firmly and categorically that QM, though successful by and large, is incomplete. There are classical and quantum reality models including those based on consciousness. Relativistic quantum theoretical approaches to clearly understand the ultimate nature of matter as well as radiation have still much to accomplish in order to qualify for a final theory of everything (TOE). Mathematical models of better, suitable character as also strength are needed to achieve satisfactory explanation of natural processes and phenomena. We, in this paper, discuss some of these matters with certain apt illustrations as well.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2009•1 citation
During the past decades, theorists have been studying quantum mechanical systems that are believed to describe black holes. We review one of the simplest examples. It involves a collection of interacting oscillators and Majorana fermions. It is conjectured to describe a black hole in an emergent universe governed by Einstein equations. Based on previous numerical computations, we make an estimate of the necessary number of qubits necessary to see some black hole features.
Recent ideas about understanding physics of black hole information-processing in terms of quantum criticality allow us to implement black hole mechanisms of quantum computing within critical Bose-Einstein systems. The generic feature, uncovered both by analytic and numeric studies, is the emergence at the critical point of gapless weakly-interacting modes, which act as qubits for information-storage at a very low energy cost. These modes can be effectively described in terms of either Bogoliubov or Goldstone degrees of freedom. The ground-state at the critical point is maximally entangled and far from being classical. We confirm this near-critical behavior by a new analytic method. We compute growth of entanglement and show its consistency with black hole type behavior. On the other hand, in the over-critical regime the system develops a Lyapunov exponent and scrambles quantum information very fast. By, manipulating the system parameters externally, we can put it in and out of various regimes and in this way control the sequence of information storage and processing. By using gapless Bogoliubov modes as control qubits we design some simple logic gates.
In a previous series of papers it was proposed that black holes can be understood as Bose-Einstein condensates at the critical point of a quantum phase transition. Therefore other bosonic systems with quantum criticalities, such as the Lieb-Liniger model with attractive interactions, could possibly be used as toy models for black holes. Even such simple models are hard to analyse, as mean field theory usually breaks down at the critical point. Very few analytic results are known. In this paper we present a method of studying such systems at quantum critical points analytically. We will be able to find explicit expressions for the low energy spectrum of the Lieb-Liniger model and thereby to confirm the expected black hole like properties of such systems. This opens up an exciting possibility of constructing and studying black hole like systems in the laboratory.
Holographic quantum matter exhibits an intriguing connection between quantum black holes and more conventional (albeit strongly interacting) quantum many-body systems. This connection is manifested in the study of their thermodynamics,statistical mechanics and many-body quantum chaos. After explaining some of those connections and their significance, we focus on the most promising example to date of holographic quantum matter, the family of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) models. Those are simple quantum mechanical models that are thought to realize, holographically, quantum black holes. We review and assess various proposals for experimental realizations of the SYK models. Such experimental realization offers the exciting prospect of accessing black hole physics, and thus addressing many mysterious questions in quantum gravity, in tabletop experiments.
Recently a quantum portrait of black holes was suggested according to which a macroscopic black hole is a Bose--Einstein condensate of soft gravitons stuck at the critical point of a quantum phase transition. We explain why quantum criticality and instability are the key for an efficient generation of entanglement and consequently of the scrambling of information. By studying a simple Bose--Einstein prototype, we show that the scrambling time, which is set by the quantum break time of the system, goes as log N\mathrm{log}\text{ }Nlog N for NNN the number of quantum constituents or equivalently the black hole entropy.
Abstract ‘Black Holes and the Edge of Physics’ delves into the mysteries of black holes, and shows how these enigmatic objects may transcend quantum physics. We begin with a review of how black holes form and eventually evaporate, resulting in the notorious problem of ‘information loss’. We show how pilot-wave theory could solve the problem by allowing information to escape at superluminal speeds. We describe an experiment that could test these and related ideas, involving astrophysical black holes in space. The chapter ends with an account of the life cycle of black holes and the role they may play in ‘reprocessing’ our quantum universe.
The world of physical systems at the most fundamental levels is replete with efficient, interesting models possessing sufficient ability to represent the reality to a considerable extent. So far, quantum mechanics (QM) forming the basis of almost all natural phenomena, has found beyond doubt its intrinsic ingenuity, capacity and robustness to stand the rigorous tests of validity from and through appropriate calculations and experiments. No serious failures of quantum mechanical predictions have been reported, yet. However, Albert Einstein, the greatest theoretical physicist of the twentieth century and some other eminent men of science have stated firmly and categorically that QM, though successful by and large, is incomplete. There are classical and quantum reality models including those based on consciousness. Relativistic quantum theoretical approaches to clearly understand the ultimate nature of matter as well as radiation have still much to accomplish in order to qualify for a final theory of everything (TOE). Mathematical models of better, suitable character as also strength are needed to achieve satisfactory explanation of natural processes and phenomena. We, in this paper, discuss some of these matters with certain apt illustrations as well.