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arXiv:2302.07089 · Lecture notes in networks and systems

Novel Design of Quantum Circuits for Representation of Grayscale Images

Mayukh Sarkar

Published Jan 1, 2023• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1007/978-981-19-8563-8_42

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This paper illustrates the way a proposed quantum voting scheme can be designed in combination with a steganography technique called Least Significant Bit (LSB), by modifying a small number of pixels in multiple grayscale images. It combines the voting scheme with the novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR) of an image, where the LSBs of these pixels represent the vote for each entity that takes part in the voting process. A server is also used, not only to count but also to guarantee the integrity of the votes (which is done inherently, by its design and quantum properties). The superdense coding circuit is part of the design, allowing each voter to use one qubit in order to transmit two classical bits (the vote value). The selected platform for testing this scheme is IBM Quantum Experience, together with the open-source framework called Qiskit (written in Python). This framework allows users to create various quantum circuits, using a wide selection of quantum gates, and then to simulate them, either on a simulator or on a real quantum device. The quantum circuits and the measurement results are also presented in this paper.
This work proposes a circuit implementation of the encoding circuit for an N × N grayscale-based Flexible Representation of Quantum Images (FRQI). The implementation is tested on the Qiskit simulator before being executed on real IBM Quantum hardware. The encoded FRQI, with a searched pixel encoded by a single qubit, is considered an unsorted database with a single table, where the key of the table represents the pixel’s position (x, y). The other columns represent the grayscale level at this position and the searched grayscale level, which are encoded by rotation angles and implemented using several multi-controlled rotation gates along the y-axis. Subsequently, Grover ’s algorithm is used to retrieve the position from the FRQI after performing a comparison with the given grayscale level of an individual pixel. The physical constraints associated with the IBM quantum device used are discussed, and the limitations of Grover ’s algorithm for searching the pixel are addressed.