Strong–laser–field physics, non–classical light states and quantum information science
Utso Bhattacharya, Theocharis Lamprou, Andrew Maxwell, Andrés Felipe Ordóñez-Lasso, Emilio Pisanty, Javier Rivera-Dean, Philipp Stammer, Marcelo F. Ciappina, Maciej Lewenstein, P. Tzallas
Strong-laser-field physics is a research direction that relies on the use of high-power lasers and has led to fascinating achievements ranging from relativistic particle acceleration to attosecond science. On the other hand, quantum optics has been built on the use of low photon number sources and has opened the way for groundbreaking discoveries in quantum technology, advancing investigations ranging from fundamental tests of quantum theory to quantum information processing. Despite the tremendous progress, until recently these directions have remained disconnected. This is because the majority of the interactions in the strong-field limit have been successfully described by semi-classical approximations treating the electromagnetic field classically, as there was no need to include the quantum properties of the field to explain the observations. The link between strong-laser-field physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science has been developed in the recent past. Studies based on fully quantized and conditioning approaches have shown that intense laser-matter interactions can be used for the generation of controllable entangled and non-classical light states. These achievements open the way for a vast number of investigations stemming from the symbiosis of strong-laser-field physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science. Here, after an introduction to the fundamentals of these research directions, we report on the recent progress in the fully quantized description of intense laser-matter interaction and the methods that have been developed for the generation of non-classical light states and entangled states. Also, we discuss the future directions of non-classical light engineering using strong laser fields, and the potential applications in ultrafast and quantum information science.
Strong-laser-field physics is a research direction that relies on the use of high-power lasers and has led to fascinating achievements ranging from relativistic particle acceleration to attosecond science. On the other hand, quantum optics has been built on the use of low photon number sources and has opened the way for groundbreaking discoveries in quantum technology, advancing investigations ranging from fundamental tests of quantum theory to quantum information processing. Despite the tremendous progress, until recently these directions have remained disconnected. This is because the majority of the interactions in the strong-field limit have been successfully described by semi-classical approximations treating the electromagnetic field classically, as there was no need to include the quantum properties of the field to explain the observations. The link between strong-laser-field physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science has been developed in the recent past. Studies based on fully quantized and conditioning approaches have shown that intense laser-matter interactions can be used for the generation of controllable entangled and non-classical light states. These achievements open the way for a vast number of investigations stemming from the symbiosis of strong-laser-field physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science. Here, after an introduction to the fundamentals of these research directions, we report on the recent progress in the fully quantized description of intense laser-matter interaction and the methods that have been developed for the generation of non-classical light states and entangled states. Also, we discuss the future directions of non-classical light engineering using strong laser fields, and the potential applications in ultrafast and quantum information science.
Abstract Non-classical and entangled light states are of fundamental interest in quantum mechanics and they are a powerful tool for the emergence of new quantum technologies. The development of methods that can lead to the generation of such light states is therefore of high importance. Recently, it has been demonstrated that intense laser-matter interactions can serve towards this direction. Specifically, it has been shown how the use of fully quantized approaches in intense laser-matter interactions and the process of high harmonic generation, can lead to the generation of high photon-number non-classical and entangled states from the far-infrared to the extreme-ultraviolet. Here, after a brief introduction on the fundamentals, we summarize the operation principles of these approaches and discuss the recent developments and future directions of non-classical light engineering using strong light fields with the potential application in ultrafast and quantum information science. These findings represent an important step in the development of novel quantum nonlinear spectroscopy methods, based on the interplay between the quantum properties of light and those of quantum matter.
Intense laser-matter interactions are at the center of interest in research and technology since the development of high-power lasers.They have been widely used for fundamental studies in atomic, molecular, and optical physics, and they are at the core of attosecond physics and ultrafast optoelectronics.Although the majority of these studies have been successfully described using classical electromagnetic fields, recent investigations based on fully quantized approaches have shown that intense laser-atom interactions can be used for the generation of controllable high-photon-number entangled coherent states and coherent state superpositions.In this tutorial, we provide a comprehensive fully quantized description of intense laseratom interactions.We elaborate on the processes of high-harmonic generation, above-threshold ionization, and we discuss new phenomena that cannot be revealed within the context of semiclassical theories.We provide the description for conditioning the light field on different electronic processes, and their consequences for quantum state engineering of light.Finally, we discuss the extension of the approach to more complex materials, and the impact to quantum technologies for a new photonic platform composed of the symbiosis of attosecond physics and quantum information science.
Non-classical and entangled light states are of fundamental interest in quantum mechanics and they are a powerful tool for the emergence of new quantum technologies. The development of methods that can lead to the generation of such light states is therefore of high importance. Recently, it has been demonstrated that intense laser-matter interactions can serve towards this direction. Specifically, it has been shown how the use of fully quantized approaches in intense laser-matter interactions and the process of high harmonic generation, can lead to the generation of high photon-number non-classical and entangled states from the far-infrared (IR) to the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV). Here, after a brief introduction on the fundamentals, we summarize the operation principles of these approaches and discuss the recent developments and future directions of non-classical light engineering using strong light fields with the potential application in ultrafast and quantum information science. These findings represent an important step in the development of novel quantum nonlinear spectroscopy methods, based on the interplay between the quantum properties of light and those of quantum matter.
Intense light-matter interaction largely relies on the use of high-power light sources, creating fields comparable to, or even stronger than, the field keeping the electrons bound in atoms. Under such conditions, the interaction induces highly nonlinear processes such as high harmonic generation, in which the low-frequency photons of a driving laser field are upconverted into higher-frequency photons. These processes have enabled numerous groundbreaking advances in atomic, molecular, and optical physics, and they form the foundation of attosecond science. Until recently, however, such processes were typically described using semi-classical approximations, since the quantum properties of the light field were not required to explain the observables. This has changed in the recent past. Ongoing theoretical and experimental advances show that fully quantized descriptions of intense light-matter interactions, which explicitly incorporate the quantum nature of the light field, open new avenues for both fundamental research and technological applications at the fully quantized level. These advances emerge from the convergence of quantum optics with strong-field physics and ultrafast science. Together, they have given rise to the field of quantum optics and quantum electrodynamics of strong-field processes.
Recently we have demonstrated the quantum nature of light in strongly laser driven atoms, and we have shown how the process of high harmonic generation can be used for the creation of highly non-classical light states, in particular superpositions of two coherent states, i.e., optical Schr\{o}dinger states [M. Lewenstein et al., Generation of optical Schr\odinger cat states in intense laser-matter interactions, Nat. Phys., 17 1104-1108 (2021)]. Here, we investigate the quantum optical description of the interaction, incorporating many atoms and the back-action of the high harmonic generation or above threshold ionization processes on the coherent state of the driving laser field. We show how the conditioning on high harmonic generation and above threshold ionization can lead to non-classical light states, and we discuss the key parameters that can be used for controlling and characterizing the non-classical states obtained after high harmonic generation. The theoretical results have been experimentally confirmed by demonstrating how the obtained coherent state superposition changes from an optical to kitten state by changing the number of atoms participating in the high harmonic generation process. Additionally, we experimentally verify the applicability of the approach for generating high photon number non-classical light states. This is shown by demonstrating the generation of a 9--photon optical state which, to our knowledge, is the highest photon number optical state experimentally reported. Our findings anticipate the development of new methods that naturally lead to the creation of high photon number controllable coherent state superpositions, advancing investigations in quantum technology.
The development of sources delivering non-classical states of light is one of the main needs for applications of optical quantum information science. Here, we demonstrate the generation of non-classical states of light using strong-laser fields driving a solid-state system, by using the process of high-order harmonic generation, where an electron tunnels out of the parent site and, later on, recombines on it emitting high-order harmonic radiation, at the expense of affecting the driving laser field. Since in solid-state systems the recombination of the electron can be delocalized along the material, the final state of the electron determines how the electromagnetic field gets affected because of the laser-matter interaction, leading to the generation of entanglement between the electron and the field. These features can be enhanced by applying conditioning operations, i.e., quantum operations based on the measurement of high-harmonic radiation. We study non-classical features present in the final quantum optical state, and characterize the amount of entanglement between the light and the electrons in the solid. The work sets the foundation for the development of compact solid-state-based non-classical light sources using strong-field physics.