Quantum metrology and quantum communications are typically considered as distinct applications in the broader portfolio of quantum technologies. However, there are cases where we might want to combine the two and recent proposals have shown how this might be achieved in entanglement-based systems. Here we present an entanglement-free alternative that has advantages in terms of simplicity and practicality, requiring only individual qubits to be transmitted. We demonstrate the performance of the scheme in both the low and high data limits, showing quantum advantages both in terms of measurement precision and security against a range of possible attacks.
Quantum metrology and quantum communications are typically considered as distinct applications in the broader portfolio of quantum technologies. However, there are cases where we might want to combine the two and recent proposals have shown how this might be achieved in entanglement-based systems. Here we present an entanglement-free alternative that has advantages in terms of simplicity and practicality, requiring only individual qubits to be transmitted. We demonstrate the performance of the scheme in both the low and high data limits, showing quantum advantages both in terms of measurement precision and security against a range of possible attacks.
Quantum metrology and quantum communications are typically considered as distinct applications in the broader portfolio of quantum technologies. However, there are cases where we might want to combine the two, and recent proposals have shown how this might be achieved in entanglement-based systems. Here, we present an entanglement-free alternative that has advantages in terms of simplicity and practicality, requiring only individual qubits to be transmitted. We demonstrate the performance of the scheme in both the low and high data limits, showing quantum advantages both in terms of measurement precision and security against a range of possible attacks.
The distribution of quantum sensors on quantum networks is a key enabler of quantum technologies in interferometry, gravimetry, timekeeping, biological monitoring, and beyond. Yet, guaranteeing the security of these distributed sensors over noisy, insecure networks remains a formidable challenge. Previous efforts to combine quantum metrology and cryptography have encountered an apparently unavoidable tension, proposing bounds for security which are only loosely tied to the achievable measurement performance.
Here we introduce a quantum remote sensing protocol that can rigorously certify privacy and integrity of the estimation. By employing offline bilateral Pauli-twirling, our approach forces the effective quantum channel into a Bell-diagonal form, independently of the attack. Surprisingly, this also preserves metrological sensitivity without introducing additional experimental overhead. Relying solely on public communication alongside an insecure quantum link, the protocol enables legitimate users to exactly quantify their estimation error relative to an eavesdropper controlling the channels.
We experimentally demonstrate this framework by estimating an optical phase using entangled photons, observing that the users' precision consistently surpasses the eavesdropper's capabilities across a broad parameter regime. By unifying quantum cryptography and metrology, our results provide a practical pathway to achieve simultaneous quantum-limited precision and rigorous information security in real-world quantum networks.
Quantum secure metrology protocols harness quantum effects to probe remote systems with enhanced precision and security. Traditional QSM protocols require multi-partite entanglement, which limits its near-term implementation due to technological constraints. This paper proposes a QSM scheme that employs Bell pairs to provide unconditional security while offering precision scaling beyond the standard quantum limit. We provide a detailed comparative performance analysis of our proposal under multiple attacks. We found that the employed controlled encoding strategy is far better than the parallel encoding of multi-partite entangled states with regard to the secrecy of the parameter. We also identify and characterize an intrinsic trade-off relationship between the maximum achievable precision and security under the limited availability of resources. The dynamic scalability of the proposed protocol makes it suitable for large-scale network sensing scenarios.
Quantum metrology aims to enhance the precision of various measurement tasks by taking advantages of quantum properties. In many scenarios, precision is not the sole target; the acquired information must be protected once it is generated in the sensing process. Considering a remote sensing scenario where a local site performs cooperative sensing with a remote site to collect sensitive information at the remote site, the loss of sensing data inevitably causes sensitive information to be revealed. Quantum key distribution is known to be a reliable solution for secure data transmission; however, it fails if an eavesdropper accesses the sensing data generated at a remote site. In this study we demonstrate that, by sharing entanglement between local and remote sites, secure quantum remote sensing can be realized, and the secure level is characterized by asymmetric Fisher information gain. Concretely, only the local site can acquire the estimated parameter accurately with Fisher information approaching 1. In contrast, the accessible Fisher information for an eavesdropper is nearly zero even if he or she obtains the raw sensing data at the remote site. This achievement is primarily due to the nonlocal calibration and control of the probe state at the remote site. Our results explore one significant advantage of ``quantumness'' and extend the notion of quantum metrology to the security realm.
Typically, the aim of quantum metrology is to sense target fields with high precision utilizing quantum properties. Unlike the typical aim, in this paper, we use quantum properties for adding a functionality to quantum sensors. More concretely, we propose a delegated quantum sensor (a client-server model) with security inbuilt. Suppose that a client wants to measure some target fields with high precision, but he/she does not have any high-precision sensor. This leads the client to delegate the sensing to a remote server who possesses a high-precision sensor. The client gives the server instructions about how to control the sensor. The server lets the sensor interact with the target fields in accordance with the instructions, and then sends the sensing measurement results to the client. In this case, since the server knows the control process and readout results of the sensor, the information of the target fields is available not only for the client but also for the server. We show that, by using an entanglement between the client and the server, an asymmetric information gain is possible so that only the client can obtain sufficient information on the target fields. In our scheme, the server generates the entanglement between a solid-state system (that can interact with the target fields) and a photon, and sends the photon to the client. On the other hand, the client is required to possess linear-optics elements only including wave plates, polarizing beam splitters, and single-photon detectors. Our scheme is feasible with the current technology, and our results pave the way for an application of quantum metrology.
Present-day quantum communication predominantly depends on trusted relays (e.g., quantum repeaters, low-Earth-orbit satellite) connected by optical fiber cables to transmit information. However, recent evidence supports a decades-old concept that quantum entanglement, harnessed by current quantum communication systems, does not necessarily rely on a physical relay medium. In modern quantum communication networks, this trusted relay infrastructure is (1) susceptible to security attacks, (2) limited by the channel capacity, (3) subject to decoherence loss, and (4) expensive to set up. The instantaneous and faster-than-light activities of quantum entanglement occurring in quantum communication have suggested guidance by some non-locality nature. On the contrary, neither ground nor space-relays have shown or been demonstrated to embody it. It is proposed in this paper that the non-locality nature of quantum theory governs quantum entanglement; elementary particles, components of a universal quantum body, can achieve remote entanglement regardless of a physical medium or spatial proximity. Evidence and theory supporting remote entanglement in superconducting quantum systems (entanglement fidelities for communication in particular) are presented. One such particle, the photon, representing a basic unit of quantum information, qubit ∣ψ⟩=α∣0⟩+β∣1⟩, consists of real continuous values in complex numbers (α,β) with infinite precision. These values (α,β) can account for the distinctiveness of qubits and result in an identity QuID that possibly supports remote entanglement. New approaches to medium-free secure quantum communication are suggested by running simulations and actual quantum computations on a quantum circuit.