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arXiv:2212.10139 · Physical Review A

Operation fidelity explored by numerical range of Kraus operators

Igor Chełstowski, Grzegorz Rajchel-Mieldzioć, Karol Życzkowski

Published Aug 9, 2023• 3 citations
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Abstract

Present-day quantum devices require precise implementation of desired quantum channels. To characterize the quality of implementation one uses the average operation fidelity $F$, defined as the fidelity between an initial pure state and its image with respect to the analyzed operation, averaged over an ensemble of pure states. We analyze the statistical properties of the operation fidelity for low-dimensional channels and study its extreme values and probability distribution. These results are obtained with the help of the joint numerical range of the set of Kraus operators representing a channel. Analytic expressions for the density $P(F)$ are derived in some particular cases including unitary and mixed unitary channels as well as quantum maps represented by commuting Kraus operators. We propose a scheme for fidelity-based channel estimation which uses the distribution of operation fidelity.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.108.022409

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Present-day quantum devices require precise implementation of desired quantum channels. To characterize the quality of implementation one uses the average operation fidelity FFF, defined as the fidelity between an initial pure state and its image with respect to the analyzed operation, averaged over an ensemble of pure states. We analyze the statistical properties of the operation fidelity for low-dimensional channels and study its extreme values and probability distribution. These results are obtained with the help of the joint numerical range of the set of Kraus operators representing a channel. Analytic expressions for the density P(F)P(F)P(F) are derived in some particular cases including unitary and mixed unitary channels as well as quantum maps represented by commuting Kraus operators. We propose a scheme for fidelity-based channel estimation which uses the distribution of operation fidelity.
Abstract The purity and fidelity of quantum operations are of great importance in characterizing the quality of quantum operations. The currently available definitions of the purity and fidelity of quantum operations are based on the average over all possible input pure quantum states, i.e. they are state-dependent (SD). In this paper, without resorting to quantum states, we define the state-independent (SI) purity and fidelity of a general quantum operation (evolution) in virtue of a new density matrix formalism for quantum operations, which is extended from the quantum state level to quantum operation level. The SI purity and fidelity gain more intrinsic physical properties of quantum operations than state-dependent ones, such as the purity of a one-qubit amplitude damping channel (with damping rate 1) is 1/2, which is in line with the fact that the channel is still a nonunitary operation described by two Kraus operators rather than a unitary one. But the state-dependent Haar average purity is 1 in this case. So the SI purity and fidelity proposed here can help the experimentalists to exactly quantify the implementation quality of an operation. As a byproduct, a new measure of the operator entanglement is proposed for a quantum evolution (unitary or nonunitary) in terms of the linear entropy of its density matrix on the orthonormal operator bases (OOBs) in Hilbert–Schmidt space.
Entanglement fidelity quantifies how well a quantum channel preserves the correlations between a transmitted system and an inaccessible reference system. We derive closed-form expressions for the entanglement fidelity associated with several standard quantum noise models, including the random Pauli-X, dephasing, depolarizing, Werner-Holevo, generalized Pauli (Weyl), and amplitude-damping channels. For each model, we express the entanglement fidelity in terms of a general input density operator ρρρ, using Schumacher's Kraus-operator approach, which provides a channel-agnostic recipe applicable to any completely positive trace-preserving (CPTP) map with a finite Kraus representation. We then specialize to a communication scenario in which the source emits a two-letter parametric alphabet, thereby making explicit the dependence of entanglement preservation on both channel and source parameters. The resulting expressions enable direct comparisons of channel performance and rankings for representative families of input states, including common qubit states.
We analyze mean fidelity between random density matrices of size NNN, generated with respect to various probability measures in the space of mixed quantum states: the Hilbert-Schmidt measure, the Bures (statistical) measure, the measure induced by the partial trace, and the natural measure on the space of pure states. In certain cases explicit probability distributions for the fidelity are derived. The results obtained may be used to gauge the quality of quantum-information-processing schemes.
Present-day quantum processors are open systems in which dissipation and decoherence degrade the information carried by a quantum state as it propagates through a circuit. We study this degradation in dissipative random quantum circuits, modeling each two-qubit gate as a diluted unitary that interpolates between the intended unitary operation and a random dissipative quantum channel. Using the fidelity between the ideal and noisy output states as a diagnostic, we show that sufficiently random unitary gates or dissipative Kraus operators lead to a universal decay of the average fidelity. This decay is determined only by the dissipation strength, system size, and circuit depth, while microscopic details of the gates and noise, including the Kraus rank, appear only in subleading corrections to higher moments. We derive a closed-form expression for the average fidelity in terms of three physically meaningful error parameters, dissipation strength, coherent two-qubit gate-error strength, and connectivity-error probability. Finally, we identify the cases when dissipative effects can be reproduced by an unitary-noise model and when dissipation-induced decoherence remains distinguishable from coherent noise at the level of the average fidelity.
Entanglement fidelity quantifies how well a quantum channel preserves the correlations between a transmitted system and an inaccessible reference system. We derive closed-form expressions for the entanglement fidelity of several standard quantum noise models, including the random Pauli-XXX, dephasing, depolarizing, Werner-Holevo, generalized Pauli (Weyl), and amplitude-damping channels. For each model, we express the entanglement fidelity in terms of a general input density operatorρ{\rho}ρ, using Schumacher's Kraus-operator approach, which provides a channel-agnostic recipe for any completely positive trace-preserving map with a finite Kraus representation. We then specialize to a communication scenario in which the source emits a two-letter parametric alphabet, thereby making explicit the dependence of entanglement preservation on both channel and source parameters. The resulting expressions enable direct comparisons of channel performance and rankings for representative families of input states.
We define and study a fidelity criterion for quantum channels, which we term the minimax fidelity, through a noncommutative generalization of maximal Hellinger distance between two positive kernels in classical probability theory. Like other known fidelities for quantum channels, the minimax fidelity is well defined for channels between finite-dimensional algebras, but it also applies to a certain class of channels between infinite-dimensional algebras (explicitly, those channels that possess an operator-valued Radon-Nikodym density with respect to the trace in the sense of Belavkin-Staszewski) and induces a metric on the set of quantum channels that is topologically equivalent to the CB-norm distance between channels, precisely in the same way as the Bures metric on the density operators associated with statistical states of quantum-mechanical systems, derived from the well-known fidelity (“generalized transition probability”) of Uhlmann, is topologically equivalent to the trace-norm distance.