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arXiv:2212.03927 · New Journal of Physics

Optimal control of dissipation and work fluctuations for rapidly driven systems

Alberto Rolandi, Martí Perarnau-Llobet, Harry J. D. Miller

Published Jun 29, 2023• 12 citations
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Abstract

Abstract To achieve efficient and reliable control of microscopic systems one should look for driving protocols that mitigate both the average dissipation and stochastic fluctuations in work. This is especially important in fast driving regimes in which the system is driven far out of equilibrium, potentially creating large amounts of unwanted entropy production. Here we characterise these optimal protocols in rapidly driven classical and quantum systems and prove that they consist of two discontinuous jumps in the full set of control variables. These jumps can be tuned to interpolate between processes with either minimal dissipation or minimal fluctuations, and in some situations allow for simultaneous minimisation. We illustrate our general results with rapidly driven closed quantum systems, classical bit erasure and a dissipative Ising chain driven close to a quantum phase transition.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/ace2e3

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•Jun 11, 2015•1 citation
Abstract To achieve efficient and reliable control of microscopic systems one should look for driving protocols that mitigate both the average dissipation and stochastic fluctuations in work. This is especially important in fast driving regimes in which the system is driven far out of equilibrium, potentially creating large amounts of unwanted entropy production. Here we characterise these optimal protocols in rapidly driven classical and quantum systems and prove that they consist of two discontinuous jumps in the full set of control variables. These jumps can be tuned to interpolate between processes with either minimal dissipation or minimal fluctuations, and in some situations allow for simultaneous minimisation. We illustrate our general results with rapidly driven closed quantum systems, classical bit erasure and a dissipative Ising chain driven close to a quantum phase transition.
An important result in classical stochastic thermodynamics is the work fluctuation-dissipation relation (FDR), which states that the dissipated work done along a slow process is proportional to the resulting work fluctuations. We show that slowly driven quantum systems violate this FDR whenever quantum coherence is generated along the protocol, and we derive a quantum generalization of the work FDR. The additional quantum terms in the FDR are found to lead to a non-Gaussian work distribution. Fundamentally, our result shows that quantum fluctuations prohibit finding slow protocols that minimize both dissipation and fluctuations simultaneously, in contrast to classical slow processes. Instead, we develop a quantum geometric framework to find processes with an optimal trade-off between the two quantities.
Optimal control is a central problem in quantum thermodynamics. When minimizing dissipated work and work fluctuations defined via the two-point measurement scheme in open quantum systems, existing approaches largely focus on the rapid- and slow-driving limits, leaving the behavior at intermediate timescales elusive. In this work, by numerically optimizing the driving protocols, we demonstrate that the open quantum systems exhibit distinct optimal structures not captured by the conventional limits. Specifically, in the coherent spin-boson model, we find that the optimal protocol switches discontinuously between distinct locally optimal solutions as the relative weight between dissipation and fluctuations is varied. Furthermore, for a single-level quantum dot coupled to a fermionic reservoir, the optimized protocol develops a characteristic multi-step structure.
Motivated by the need for precise, energy-efficient, and experimentally realistic quantum control protocols, we investigate the thermodynamic cost of performing quantum step-equilibration processes under the influence of classical stochastic control fields. Whereas purely deterministic protocols exhibit dissipation that scales inversely with the number of steps, we show that weak Gaussian noise in the control variables induces dissipative contributions that grow linearly with the number of steps. Consequently, we derive the finite optimal number of steps and minimal achievable average dissipated work and its variance using the quantum thermodynamic length. These results are demonstrated using two paradigmatic examples: a Landau-Zener sweep of a qubit strongly coupled to a thermal bath and the erasure of a transverse-field Ising model.
In thermodynamics, entropy production and work quantify irreversibility and the consumption of useful energy, respectively, when a system is driven out of equilibrium. For quantum systems, these quantities can be identified at the stochastic level by unravelling the system's evolution in terms of quantum jump trajectories. We here derive a general formula for computing the joint statistics of work and entropy production in Markovian driven quantum systems, whose instantaneous steady states are of Gibbs form. If the driven system remains close to the instantaneous Gibbs state at all times, then we show that the corresponding two-variable cumulant generating function implies a joint detailed fluctuation theorem so long as detailed balance is satisfied. As a corollary, we derive a modified fluctuation-dissipation relation (FDR) for the entropy production alone, applicable to transitions between arbitrary steady states, and for systems that violate detailed balance. This FDR contains a term arising from genuinely quantum fluctuations, and extends an analogous relation from classical thermodynamics to the quantum regime.
The second law of thermodynamics sets a lower bound on the work required to drive a system between thermal equilibrium states, with equality attained in the quasistatic limit. For finite-time processes, work in excess of this bound is inevitably dissipated, motivating the search for driving protocols that minimize this excess work. While classical stochastic systems have been extensively explored, quantum analyses remain limited and often rely on Markovian master equations valid only in the weak-coupling regime. Here, we study minimal work protocols for representative two-level systems coupled to a harmonic-oscillator bath using a numerically exact method. Inspired by known optimal solutions for Brownian oscillators, we introduce an impulse ansatz that incorporates possible boundary impulses and test it across a wide range of bath parameters. We find that impulse-like features remain nearly optimal in the quantum, non-Markovian regime at short times. We also identify cases in which the widely used Markovian master equation fails even at weak coupling, highlighting the necessity of going beyond standard approximations in the quantum regime for finite-time thermodynamic optimization.
The design of efficient quantum information processing will rely on optimal nonequilibrium transitions of driven quantum systems. Building on a recently-developed geometric framework for computing optimal protocols for classical systems driven in finite-time, we construct a general framework for optimizing the average information entropy for driven quantum systems. Geodesics on the parameter manifold endowed with a positive semi-definite metric correspond to protocols that minimize the average information entropy production in finite-time. We use this framework to explicitly compute the optimal entropy production for a simple two-state quantum system coupled to a heat bath of bosonic oscillators, which has applications to quantum annealing.