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arXiv:2212.00540 · Physica Scripta

Monitored recurrence of a one-parameter family of three-state quantum walks

M. Štefaňák

Published Apr 21, 2023• 2 citations
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Abstract

Abstract Monitored recurrence of a one-parameter set of three-state quantum walks on a line is investigated. The calculations are considerably simplified by choosing a suitable basis of the coin space. We show that the Polya number (i.e. the site recurrence probability) depends on the coin parameter and the probability that the walker is initially in a particular coin state for which the walk returns to the origin with certainty. Finally, we present a brief investigation of the exact quantum state recurrence.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/accf43

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Abstract Monitored recurrence of a one-parameter set of three-state quantum walks on a line is investigated. The calculations are considerably simplified by choosing a suitable basis of the coin space. We show that the Polya number (i.e. the site recurrence probability) depends on the coin parameter and the probability that the walker is initially in a particular coin state for which the walk returns to the origin with certainty. Finally, we present a brief investigation of the exact quantum state recurrence.
Recurrence in the classical random walk is well known and described by the Pólya number. For quantum walks, recurrence is similarly understood in terms of the probability of a localized quantum walker to return to its origin. Under certain circumstances the quantum walker may also return to an arbitrary initial quantum state in a finite number of steps. Quantum state revivals in quantum walks on cycles using coin operators which are constant in time and uniform across the path have been described before but only incompletely. In this paper we find the general conditions for which full-quantum state revival will occur.
Recurrence is an interesting property that describes whether the walker will eventually return to the origin on infinite lattices in classical random walks. Since measurement collapse affects the wave function of the walker, in the quantum case, there are two schemes for studying recurrence properties in quantum walks (QWs) depending on how the measurement process is described. One involves restarting after measurements, known as unmonitored measurements, while the other entails monitoring after each step, referred to as monitored measurements. In this paper, we utilize the dependence of recurrence probabilities on the coin parameter to construct biased-coin QWs on a line and investigate the recurrence properties of both schemes. Based on the bulk-optics framework and using a single-photon source, we experimentally demonstrate the distinct recurrence behaviors resulting from the different evolution processes of the walker in the two schemes. This work showcases diverse recurrence properties in single-particle QW systems, thereby enhancing our understanding of measurement-induced recurrence.
We analyze the recurrence probability (Pólya number) for d-dimensional unbiased quantum walks. A sufficient condition for a quantum walk to be recurrent is derived. As a by-product we find a simple criterion for localization of quantum walks. In contrast with classical walks, where the Pólya number is characteristic for the given dimension, the recurrence probability of a quantum walk depends in general on the topology of the walk, choice of the coin and the initial state. This allows us to change the character of the quantum walk from recurrent to transient by altering the initial state.
[[abstract]]We present a numerical study of a model of quantum walk in a periodic potential on a line. We take the simple view that different potentials have different affects on the way in which the coin state of the walker is changed. For simplicity and definiteness, we assume that the walker's coin state is unaffected at sites without the potential, and rotated in an unbiased way according to the Hadamard matrix at sites with the potential. This is the simplest and most natural model of a quantum walk in a periodic potential with two coins. Six generic cases of such quantum walks are studied numerically. It is found that, of the six cases, four cases display significant localization effect where the walker is confined in the neighborhood of the origin for a sufficiently long time. Associated with such a localization effect is the recurrence of the probability of the walker returning to the neighborhood of the origin.
We present a numerical study of a model of quantum walk in a periodic potential on a line. We take the simple view that different potentials have different affects on the way in which the coin state of the walker is changed. For simplicity and definiteness, we assume that the walker's coin state is unaffected at sites without the potential, and rotated in an unbiased way according to the Hadamard matrix at sites with the potential. This is the simplest and most natural model of a quantum walk in a periodic potential with two coins. Six generic cases of such quantum walks are studied numerically. It is found that, of the six cases, four cases display significant localization effect where the walker is confined in the neighborhood of the origin for a sufficiently long time. Associated with such a localization effect is the recurrence of the probability of the walker returning to the neighborhood of the origin.
Recurrence of quantum walks on lattices can be characterized by the generalized Pólya number. Its value reflects the difference between a classical and a quantum system. The dimension of the lattice is not a unique parameter in the quantum case; both the coin operator and the initial quantum state of the coin influence the recurrence in a nontrivial way. In addition, the definition of the Pólya number involves measurement of the system. Depending on how measurement is included in the definition, the recurrence properties vary. We show that in the limiting case of frequent, strong measurements, one can approach the classical dynamics. Comparing various cases, we have found numerical indication that our previous definition of the Pólya number provides an upper limit.