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arXiv:2211.10403 · PRX Quantum

Accelerated Weak Signal Search Using Mode Entanglement and State Swapping

Yue Jiang, E. P. Ruddy, K. O. Quinlan, M. Malnou, Nicholas Frattini, Konrad W. Lehnert

Published Apr 6, 2023• 19 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A quantum-enhanced sensing technique based on two cavities coupled via a Josephson ring modulator is developed to substantially accelerate a detection scan rate, ultimately boosting significantly the search of axions.
DOI
10.1103/prxquantum.4.020302

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In cavity-based axion dark matter detectors, quantum noise remains a primary barrier to achieving the scan rate necessary for a comprehensive search of axion parameter space.Here, we introduce a method of scan rate enhancement in which an axion-sensitive cavity is coupled to an auxiliary resonant circuit through simultaneous two-mode squeezing (entangling) and state-swapping interactions.We show analytically that when combined, these interactions can amplify an axion signal before it becomes polluted by vacuum noise introduced by measurement.This internal amplification yields a wider bandwidth of axion sensitivity, increasing the rate at which the detector can search through frequency space.With interaction rates predicted by circuit simulations of this system, we show that this technique can increase the scan rate up to 15-fold relative to the scan rate of a detector limited by vacuum noise.
In cavity-based axion dark matter detectors, quantum noise remains a primary barrier to achieving the scan rate necessary for a comprehensive search of axion parameter space. Here we introduce a method of scan rate enhancement in which an axion-sensitive cavity is coupled to an auxiliary resonant circuit through simultaneous two-mode squeezing (entangling) and state swapping interactions. We show analytically that when combined, these interactions can amplify an axion signal before it becomes polluted by vacuum noise introduced by measurement. This internal amplification yields a wider bandwidth of axion sensitivity, increasing the rate at which the detector can search through frequency space. With interaction rates predicted by circuit simulations of this system, we show that this technique can increase the scan rate up to 15-fold relative to the scan rate of a detector limited by vacuum noise.
The hypothetical axion particle (of unknown mass) is a leading candidate for dark matter (DM).Many experiments search for axions with microwave cavities, where an axion may convert into a cavity photon, leading to a feeble excess in the output power of the cavity.Recent work [Backes et al., Nature 590, 238 (2021)] has demonstrated that injecting squeezed vacuum into the cavity can substantially accelerate the axion search.Here, we go beyond and provide a theoretical framework to leverage the benefits of quantum squeezing in a network setting consisting of many sensor cavities.By forming a local sensor network, the signals among the cavities can be combined coherently to boost the axion search.Furthermore, injecting multipartite entanglement across the cavities-generated by splitting a squeezed vacuum-enables a global noise reduction.We explore the performance advantage of such a local, entangled sensor network, which enjoys both coherence between the axion signals and entanglement between the sensors.Our analyses are pertinent to next-generation DM-axion searches aiming to leverage a network of sensors and quantum resources in an optimal way.Finally, we assess the possibility of using a more exotic quantum state, the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) state.Despite a constant-factor improvement in the scan time relative to a single-mode squeezed state in the ideal case, the advantage of employing a GKP state disappears when a practical measurement scheme is considered.