Quantum computing is changing the way we think about computing. Significant strides in research and development for managing and harnessing the power of quantum systems has been made in recent years, demonstrating the potential for transformative quantum technology. Quantum phenomena like superposition, entanglement, and interference can be exploited to solve issues that are difficult for traditional computers. IBM's first public access to true quantum computers through the cloud, as well as Google's demonstration of quantum supremacy, are among the accomplishments. Besides, a slew of other commercial, government, and academic projects are in the works to create next-generation hardware, a software stack to support the hardware ecosystem, and viable quantum algorithms. This chapter covers various quantum computing architectures including many hardware technologies that are being investigated. We also discuss a variety of challenges, including numerous errors/noise that plague the quantum computers. An overview of literature investigating noise-resilience approaches is also presented.
Quantum computing is changing the way we think about computing. Significant strides in research and development for managing and harnessing the power of quantum systems has been made in recent years, demonstrating the potential for transformative quantum technology. Quantum phenomena like superposition, entanglement, and interference can be exploited to solve issues that are difficult for traditional computers. IBM's first public access to true quantum computers through the cloud, as well as Google's demonstration of quantum supremacy, are among the accomplishments. Besides, a slew of other commercial, government, and academic projects are in the works to create next-generation hardware, a software stack to support the hardware ecosystem, and viable quantum algorithms. This chapter covers various quantum computing architectures including many hardware technologies that are being investigated. We also discuss a variety of challenges, including numerous errors/noise that plague the quantum computers. An overview of literature investigating noise-resilience approaches is also presented.
Abstract Quantum computing leverages fundamental quantum-mechanical phenomena—most notably superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling—to perform computations in ways that differ fundamentally from classical digital processing. Compared to conventional computing architectures, quantum systems promise significant reductions in computational time and potentially lower energy consumption for specific classes of problems. These advantages, combined with advances in nanoscale engineering and the slowing of traditional hardware scaling trends such as Moore’s Law, have led to substantial commercial and national-security-driven investments in quantum technologies over the past decade. A major milestone was reached when Google announced the experimental demonstration of “quantum supremacy,” showing that a quantum processor could execute a specific computational task infeasible for a classical supercomputer within practical time constraints. Although the demonstrated problem had no immediate practical application, this achievement marked a crucial step toward the development of quantum systems capable of delivering real-world computational advantages and provided a more precise technical framing of the concept of quantum advantage. Despite the fact that the mathematical foundations, programming models, and principal quantum algorithms were established in the 1990s, quantum computing remained largely confined to a specialized research community for decades. Today, the increasing accessibility of cloud-based quantum hardware calls for a broader dissemination of implementation-oriented knowledge among researchers and practitioners in computer science, software engineering, and related fields. The quantum programming paradigm differs fundamentally from classical programming models and often relies on physical and algebraic notations that may pose barriers to traditionally trained computer scientists. This series of articles provides a self-contained and concise introduction to quantum computing and its core algorithms, with a strong emphasis on practical implementation. Given that real quantum processors—such as those accessible via the IBM quantum ecosystem—are now available as cloud services, experimental validation can be conducted both on simulators and on actual hardware for small-scale inputs. While other platforms such as Rigetti and IonQ also offer cloud-based quantum computing services, this review focuses exclusively on the IBM quantum computing ecosystem.
Quantum computing represents a transformative approach to computation leveraging fundamental principles of quantum mechanics such as superposition, entanglement and interference to store and process information in ways that classical computers cannot achieve.This paper attempts to provide a bona fide bibliographic overview of the principles, computational models, hardware technologies, and potential applications of quantum computing.It analyses how quantum algorithms could outperform classical algorithms in cryptographic analysis, optimization, and big data analysis.The survey integrates viewpoints from recent works; it presents system architectures, software development challenges, and quantum-assisted applications in healthcare, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and industrial optimization.Meanwhile, it examines hybrid quantum-classical systems that would allow quantum technologies to be deployed in the near term skirted by the limitations currently posed by quantum hardware.Moreover, the paper discusses foremost hurdles in scaling, error-correction, and maintaining coherence.From reviewing the recent developments and whether possible, this present review work informs researchers, engineers, and practitioners alike on the current state, as well as on the long-run viability, of quantum computing.
Quantum computing overcomes computer limitations using quantum mechanics. This overview covers quantum computing's basics, technology, architecture, and industrial applications. The introduction reveals quantum computing's unique history and powerful development characteristics. Fundamentals like quantum gates, superposition, entanglement, Shor's and Grover's algorithms, and more, are covered. Quantum computing concepts describe quantum mechanics, parallelism, and error correction to optimize its potential. Qubit, quantum processor, Qiskit, and Cirq quantum software frameworks are being studied. Quantum computing's issues are thoroughly and impartially assessed in this work. This chapter evaluates quantum computing trends and research paths for future developments. These include the goal of quantum supremacy and the impact of quantum computing on technology. The survey study helps academics, professionals, and industry decision-makers utilize quantum computing to tackle challenging issues and innovate in a quantum-driven world.
Quantum computing leverages quantum mechanical concepts, including superposition, entanglement, and interference, to solve problems that traditional computers cannot handle efficiently. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the field, covering both the theoretical foundations and the latest developments in quantum hardware and algorithms. This study covers fundamental elements, qubits, gates, and circuits while emphasizing quantum parallelism as a distinctive feature. To illustrate efficiency gains, we explore notable algorithms like Shor’s factorization procedure and Grover’s search algorithm. Furthermore, we analyze recent advancements in quantum hardware, focusing on superconducting qubits, trapped ions, and photonic quantum computers, with an emphasis on implementations by IBM, Google, and other industry leaders. The discussion also addresses major challenges such as decoherence, noise, and the need for quantum error correction to achieve fault tolerance. Finally, we explore emerging applications in cryptography, optimization, quantum machine learning, and material simulation, and identify critical open problems that must be addressed to realize scalable, universal quantum computing. Our review underscores the transformative potential of quantum technologies across science and industry.
Quantum computing represents a revolutionary leap in computational power, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to process information in fundamentally new ways. Unlike classical computers, which use bits to represent data as 0s or 1s, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, enabling the phenomena of superposition and entanglement to perform complex calculations more efficiently (Nielsen & Chuang, 2010). This article explores the basic principles of quantum computing, the different models and algorithms that have been developed, and the current state of quantum hardware. The power of quantum computing lies in its ability to solve certain types of problems exponentially faster than classical computers. For instance, Shor's algorithm can factorize large integers in polynomial time, posing a significant threat to classical encryption methods (Shor, 1997). Similarly, Grover's algorithm provides a quadratic speedup for unstructured search problems, showcasing the potential for dramatic improvements in database search capabilities (Grover, 1996). These algorithms exemplify how quantum computing can revolutionize fields that rely on complex computations. Quantum hardware, however, is still in its nascent stage, with significant challenges to be overcome. Current quantum computers, such as those developed by IBM and Google, have demonstrated quantum supremacy but are limited by issues of qubit coherence and error rates (Arute et al., 2019). Quantum error correction and the development of more stable qubit technologies are critical areas of ongoing research (Preskill, 2018). Despite these challenges, recent advancements in quantum hardware and algorithms continue to drive the field forward, promising transformative impacts on industries such as cryptography, drug discovery, and artificial intelligence. As quantum computing continues to advance, it holds the promise of solving problems that are currently intractable for classical computers, paving the way for unprecedented technological and scientific advancements (Shor, 1997; Grover, 1996). This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of quantum computing, discussing its foundational principles, key algorithms, hardware challenges, and potential applications. By understanding these aspects, we can better appreciate the profound implications of quantum computing for the future of technology and science.
Superposition, entanglement, and interference are the key characteristics of quantum computing that can provide exponential speedups compared to classical computing. This chapter offers a thorough survey of the latest developments in technology that propel quantum computing from the theory to the reality. It examines prominent hardware platforms including superconducting qubits, trapped-ion systems, photonic computing, and topological approaches, as well as developments in quantum algorithms, error correction and fault resilience architectures. Further, the chapter discusses quantum-classical integrated methods for the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era and how secure communications, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence can be coupled with quantum computing. Practical implementation into healthcare, finance, cyber security and logistics sectors are discussed. Finally, the chapter highlights the challenges and future directions needed to realize scalable and viable quantum systems.