This article introduces a new numerical method for the minimization under constraints of a discrete energy modeling multicomponents rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in the regime of strong confinement and with rotation. Moreover, we consider both segregation and coexistence regimes between the components. The method includes a discretization of a continuous energy in space dimension 2 and a gradient algorithm with adaptive time step and projection for the minimization. It is well known that, depending on the regime, the minimizers may display different structures, sometimes with vorticity (from singly quantized vortices, to vortex sheets and giant holes). In order to study numerically the structures of the minimizers, we introduce in this paper a numerical algorithm for the computation of the indices of the vortices, as well as an algorithm for the computation of the indices of vortex sheets. Several computations are carried out, to illustrate the efficiency of the method, to cover different physical cases, to validate recent theoretical results as well as to support conjectures. Moreover, we compare this method with an alternative method from the literature.
This article introduces a new numerical method for the minimization under constraints of a discrete energy modeling multicomponents rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in the regime of strong confinement and with rotation. Moreover, we consider both segregation and coexistence regimes between the components. The method includes a discretization of a continuous energy in space dimension 2 and a gradient algorithm with adaptive time step and projection for the minimization. It is well known that, depending on the regime, the minimizers may display different structures, sometimes with vorticity (from singly quantized vortices, to vortex sheets and giant holes). In order to study numerically the structures of the minimizers, we introduce in this paper a numerical algorithm for the computation of the indices of the vortices, as well as an algorithm for the computation of the indices of vortex sheets. Several computations are carried out, to illustrate the efficiency of the method, to cover different physical cases, to validate recent theoretical results as well as to support conjectures. Moreover, we compare this method with an alternative method from the literature.
In this thesis, we consider a Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) energy functional as a model for rotating one component and two components Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) in two dimensions. This model can be non-dimensionalized to highlight a strong confinement regime with strong interaction between the two components. We introduce a new discretization of this energy, featuring both finite difference and fast Fourier transform approaches, in a bounded domain of R 2 using Dirichlet boundary conditions. We develop an explicit gradient method algorithm with adaptive step and projection (EPG) over the constraints manifold for the minimization of the discrete energy. This method allows for the derivation of a stopping criterion. Moreover, we propose two post processing algorithms for the numerical minimizers. One is aimed for single vortices while the other is aimed for vortex sheets. Both algorithms detect these structures and compute their indices. In a recent article [6], the authors study the behaviour of a segregated two components BEC set into rotation. They are able to prove that for large rotation, the interface between the components gets long, conjecturing the possibility towards vortex sheets. They also study the vortex structures of BEC in a segregated regime. In this thesis, we produce numerical simulations using EPG, validating these recent theoretical results, supporting conjectures, and covering different physical cases (the cases of one component and two components in coexistence regime [45, 39]). We also illustrate the efficiency of EPG compared to the well-known GPELab method [11] which requires to solve a linearly implicit system at each step. Finally, we adapt a few theorems found in the literature to our discrete setting. We prove the existence of a global minimizer of the GP energy functional for the finite difference scheme and study some of its properties. We also work on symmetrical problems we encountered in some of the numerical simulations.
We investigate vortex states of immiscible two-component Bose-Einstein condensates under rotation through numerical simulations of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations. For strong intercomponent repulsion, the two components undergo phase separation to form several density domains of the same component. In the presence of the rotation, the nucleated vortices are aligned between the domains to make up winding chains of singly quantized vortices, a vortex sheet, instead of periodic vortex lattices. The vortices of one component are located at the region of the density domains of the other component, which results in the serpentine domain structure. The sheet configuration is stable as long as the imbalance of the intracomponent parameter is small. We employ a planar sheet model to estimate the distance between neighboring sheets, determined by the competition between the surface tension of the domain wall and the kinetic energy of the superflow via quantized vortices. By comparing the several length scales in this system, the phase diagram of the vortex state is obtained.
We study ground, symmetric and central vortex states, as well as their energy and chemical potential diagrams, in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) analytically and numerically.We start from the three-dimensional (3D) Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with an angular momentum rotation term, scale it to obtain a four-parameter model, reduce it to a 2D GPE in the limiting regime of strong anisotropic confinement and present its semiclassical scaling and geometrical optics.We discuss the existence/nonexistence problem for ground states (depending on the angular velocity) and find that symmetric and central vortex states are independent of the angular rotational momentum.We perform numerical experiments computing these states using a continuous normalized gradient flow (CNGF) method with a backward Euler finite difference (BEFD) discretization.Ground, symmetric and central vortex states, as well as their energy configurations, are reported in 2D and 3D for a rotating BEC.Through our numerical study, we find various configurations with several vortices in both 2D and 3D structures, energy asymptotics in some limiting regimes and ratios between energies of different states in a strong replusive interaction regime.Finally we report the critical angular velocity at which the ground state loses symmetry, numerical verification of dimension reduction from 3D to 2D, errors for the Thomas-Fermi approximation, and spourous numerical ground states when the rotation speed is larger than the minimal trapping frequency in the xy plane.
Simulation numérique de condensats de Bose-Einstein Dans cette thèse, nous considérons une fonctionnelle d'énergie Gross--Pitaevskii (GP) comme modèle pour la rotation d'un espèce et de deux espèces de condensats de Bose--Einstein (BEC) en deux dimensions. Ce modèle peut être adimensionné pour mettre en évidence un régime de confinement fort avec une forte interaction entre les deux composants. Nous introduisons une nouvelle discrétisation de cette énergie, comportant à la fois des schémas de différence finie et de Fourier, dans un domaine borné dans R² en utilisant des conditions aux bords de Dirichlet. Nous développons un algorithme de méthode de gradient explicite avec pas adaptatif et projection (EPG) sur la variété de contraintes pour la minimisation de l'énergie. Cette méthode permet de dériver un critère d'arrêt. Nous proposons également deux algorithmes de post-traitement pour les minimiseurs numériques. L'un est destiné aux vortex simples tandis que l'autre est destiné aux nappes de vortex. Les deux algorithmes détectent ces structures et calculent leurs indices.Dans un article récent intitulé "Vortex patterns and sheets in segregated two component Bose-Einstein condensates", les auteurs étudient le comportement d'un BEC ségrégué à deux espèces mis en rotation. Ils ont pu prouver que pour une grande rotation, l'interface entre les deux composants s'allonge, conduisant éventuellement à des nappes de vortex. Ils ont également étudié les structures des vortex du BEC dans un régime ségrégué. Dans cette thèse, nous avons pu produire des simulations numériques à l'aide d'EPG, validant ces résultats théoriques récents, supportant des conjectures et couvrant différents cas physiques (les cas d'un espèce et de deux espèces en régime de coexistence qui existent déjà dans la littérature mathématique). Nous illustrons également l'efficacité d'EPG par rapport à la méthode bien connue de GPELab qui consiste à résoudre un système linéairement implicite à chaque pas de temps.Enfin, nous avons pu adapter quelques théorèmes trouvés dans la littérature à notre problème discret. Nous prouvons l'existence d'un minimiseur global de la fonctionnelle d'énergie Gross--Pitaevskii pour le schéma aux différences finies et étudions certaines de ses propriétés. Nous travaillons également sur des problèmes symétriques rencontrés dans certaines simulations numériques.
For a Bose-Einstein condensate placed in a rotating trap and strongly confined along the z axis, we set a framework of study for the Gross-Pitaevskii energy in the Thomas-Fermi regime for an effective two-dimensional (2D) situation in the $x\ensuremath{-}y$ plane. We investigate an asymptotic expansion of the energy, the critical angular velocities of nucleation of vortices with respect to a small parameter $\ensuremath{\varepsilon},$ and the location of vortices. The limit $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ going to zero corresponds to the Thomas-Fermi regime. The nondimensionalized energy is similar to the Ginzburg-Landau energy for superconductors in the high-\ensuremath{\kappa} high-field limit and our estimates rely on techniques developed for this latter problem. We also take advantage of this similarity to develop a numerical algorithm for computing the Bose-Einstein vortices. Numerical results and energy diagrams are presented.
We review the topic of quantized vortices in multicomponent Bose–Einstein condensates of dilute atomic gases, with an emphasis on the two-component condensates. First, we review the fundamental structure, stability and dynamics of a single vortex state in a slowly rotating two-component condensates. To understand recent experimental results, we use the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations and the generalized nonlinear sigma model. An axisymmetric vortex state, which was observed by the JILA group, can be regarded as a topologically trivial skyrmion in the pseudospin representation. The internal, coherent coupling between the two components breaks the axisymmetry of the vortex state, resulting in a stable vortex molecule (a meron pair). We also mention unconventional vortex states and monopole excitations in a spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate. Next, we discuss a rich variety of vortex states realized in rapidly rotating two-component Bose–Einstein condensates. We introduce a phase diagram with axes of rotation frequency and the intercomponent coupling strength. This phase diagram reveals unconventional vortex states such as a square lattice, a double-core lattice, vortex stripes and vortex sheets, all of which are in an experimentally accessible parameter regime. The coherent coupling leads to an effective attractive interaction between two components, providing not only a promising candidate to tune the intercomponent interaction to study the rich vortex phases but also a new regime to explore vortex states consisting of vortex molecules characterized by anisotropic vorticity. A recent experiment by the JILA group vindicated the formation of a square vortex lattice in this system.