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arXiv:2210.14418 · Optics Letters

Remote preparation and manipulation of squeezed light

Dongmei Han, Na Wang, Meihong Wang, Zhongzhong Qin, Xiaolong Su

Published Jun 13, 2022• 12 citations
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Abstract

Remote state preparation enables one to create and manipulate a quantum state based on the shared entanglement between distant nodes. Here, we experimentally demonstrate remote preparation and manipulation of squeezed light. By performing a homodyne projective measurement on one mode of the continuous variable entangled state at Alice's station, a squeezed state is created at Bob's station. Moreover, rotation and displacement operations are applied on the prepared squeezed state by changing the projective parameters on Alice's state. We also show that the remotely prepared squeezed state is robust against loss and N - 1 squeezed states can be remotely prepared based on an N-mode continuous variable Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-like state. Our results verify the entanglement-based model used in security analysis of quantum key distribution with continuous variables and have potential application in remote quantum information processing.

DOI
10.1364/ol.463697

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Abstract Remote state preparation enables one to prepare and manipulate quantum state non‐locally. As an essential quantum resource, optical cat state is usually prepared locally by subtracting photons from a squeezed vacuum state. For remote quantum information processing, it is essential to prepare and manipulate optical cat states remotely based on Gaussian entanglement, which remains a challenge. Here, experimental preparation of optical cat states based on a remotely distributed two‐mode Gaussian entangled state in a lossy channel is presented. By performing photon subtraction and homodyne projective measurement at Alice's station, an optical cat state is prepared remotely at Bob's station. Furthermore, the prepared cat state is rotated by changing Alice's measurement basis of homodyne detection, which demonstrates the remote manipulation of it. By distributing two modes of the two‐mode Gaussian entangled state in lossy channels, it is demonstrated that the remotely prepared cat state can tolerate much more loss in Alice's channel than that in Bob's channel. It is also shown that cat states with amplitudes larger than 2 can be prepared by increasing the squeezing level and subtracting photon numbers. The results make a crucial step toward remote hybrid quantum information processing involving discrete‐ and continuous‐variable techniques.
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is a leading technology for secure communication, whose security guarantees fundamentally rely on the quantum nature of the transmitted states and the measurement process. However, real-world detectors invariably suffer from limitations, such as inefficiency, which affects the overall security and performance of the system. Here, we investigate the impact of detector efficiency on remote state preparation in the context of entanglement-based CV-QKD. Specifically, by using the Wigner function formalism and starting from a two-mode squeezed vacuum state, we derive the analyticalform of the quantum state of one mode conditioned on a homodyne measurement performed on the other mode. Our analysis explicitly contrasts the ideal case of unit efficiency (η=1), which prepares a pure, displaced squeezed state, with the non-ideal scenario. For η < 1, we demonstrate that the preparation result is a mixedstate characterized by increased noise and degraded squeezing. We calculate the exact analytical expressions for the conditional state’s variance and mean displacement, quantifying their dependence on both the efficiency η and the initial squeezing parameter.
Continuous variable remote state preparation and teleportation are analysed using Wigner functions in phase space. We suggest a remote squeezed state preparation scheme between two parties sharing an entangled twin beam, where homodyne detection on one beam is used as a conditional source of squeezing for the other beam. The scheme also works with noisy measurements, and provides squeezing if the homodyne quantum efficiency is larger than 50%. The phase space approach is shown to provide a convenient framework to describe teleportation as a generalized conditional measurement, and to evaluate relevant degrading effects, such the finite amount of entanglement, the losses along the line and the nonunit quantum efficiency at the sender location.
Quantum communication protocols based on nonclassical correlations can be more efficient than known classical methods and offer intrinsic security over direct state transfer. In particular, remote state preparation aims at the creation of a desired and known quantum state at a remote location using classical communication and quantum entanglement. We present an experimental realization of deterministic continuous-variable remote state preparation in the microwave regime over a distance of 35 cm. By employing propagating two-mode squeezed microwave states and feedforward, we achieve the remote preparation of squeezed states with up to 1.6 dB of squeezing below the vacuum level. Finally, security of remote state preparation is investigated by using the concept of the one-time pad and measuring the von Neumann entropies. We find nearly identical values for the entropy of the remotely prepared state and the respective conditional entropy given the classically communicated information and, thus, demonstrate close-to-perfect security.
Transferring quantum information between distant nodes of a network is a key capability. This transfer can be realized via remote state preparation where two parties share entanglement and the sender has full knowledge of the state to be communicated. Here we demonstrate such a process between heterogeneous nodes functioning with different information encodings, i.e., particle-like discrete-variable optical qubits and wave-like continuous-variable ones. Using hybrid entanglement of light as a shared resource, we prepare arbitrary coherent-state superpositions controlled by measurements on the distant discrete-encoded node. The remotely prepared states are fully characterized by quantum state tomography and negative Wigner functions are obtained. This work demonstrates a novel capability to bridge discrete- and continuous-variable platforms.
Abstract Quantum communication protocols based on nonclassical correlations can be more efficient than known classical methods and offer intrinsic security over direct state transfer. In particular, remote state preparation aims at the creation of a desired and known quantum state at a remote location using classical communication and quantum entanglement. We present an experimental realization of deterministic continuous-variable remote state preparation in the microwave regime over a distance of 35 cm. By employing propagating two-mode squeezed microwave states and feedforward, we achieve the remote preparation of squeezed states with up to 1.6 dB of squeezing below the vacuum level. Finally, security of remote state preparation is investigated by using the concept of the one-time pad and measuring the von Neumann entropies. We find nearly identical values for the entropy of the remotely prepared state and the respective conditional entropy given the classically communicated information and, thus, demonstrate close-to-perfect security.