Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2210.10357 · Physical Review Letters

Dynamics-Based Entanglement Witnesses for Non-Gaussian States of Harmonic Oscillators

Pooja Jayachandran, Lin Htoo Zaw, Valerio Scarani

Published Apr 21, 2023• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We introduce a family of entanglement witnesses for continuous variable systems, which rely on the sole assumption that their dynamics is that of coupled harmonic oscillators at the time of the test. Entanglement is inferred from the Tsirelson nonclassicality test on one of the normal modes, without any knowledge about the state of the other mode. In each round, the protocol requires measuring only the sign of one coordinate (e.g., position) at one among several times. This dynamic-based entanglement witness is more akin to a Bell inequality than to an uncertainty relation: in particular, it does not admit false positives from classical theory. Our criterion detects non-Gaussian states, some of which are missed by other criteria.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.130.160201

Related papers

Tsirelson's nonclassicality witness under dissipative dynamics

Nguyen Vu Khoi Huynh, Nicky Nel Narido Labayna, Martine Schut +1 more

A dynamics-based test, originally proposed by Tsirelson for the harmonic oscillator, provides a method for certifying quantumness under the assumption of a known Hamiltonian. These tests, however, are typically proposed for isolated systems, an assumption that breaks down in experimental implementation. In this paper, we extend the protocol to the harmonic oscillator coupled to standard models of dissipation: thermal relaxation, pure dephasing, and the Caldeira--Leggett model. Using the Moyal-Wigner formalism of quantum mechanics in phase space, we show that the introduction of dissipation requires a dissipation-dependent shift of the classical bound, and provide the threshold under which the nonclassicality witness retains its validity.

quant-pharXiv:2608.27337•Aug 28, 2026•0 citations

Detecting and Estimating Continuous-Variable Entanglement by Local Orthogonal Observables

Chengjie Zhang, Sixia Yu, Qing Chen +1 more

Entanglement detection and estimation are fundamental problems in quantum information science. Compared with discrete-variable states, for which lots of efficient entanglement detection criteria and lower bounds of entanglement measures have been proposed, the continuous-variable entanglement is much less understood. Here we shall present a family of entanglement witnesses based on continuous-variable local orthogonal observables (CVLOOs) to detect and estimate entanglement of Gaussian and non-Gaussian states, especially for bound entangled states. By choosing an optimal set of CVLOOs, our entanglement witness is equivalent to the realignment criterion and can be used to detect bound entanglement of a class of 2+2 mode Gaussian states. Via our entanglement witness, lower bounds of two typical entanglement measures for arbitrary two-mode continuous-variable states are provided.

arXiv:1307.7487•Physical Review Letters•Nov 4, 2013•28 citations

Entanglement Criteria for Non-Gaussian States

Prasoon Kumar Shandilya, Supervisor Prof. Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Entanglement for continuous variable states opens up an avenue for experimental utilization of the entanglement properties of quantum physics very easily. Non- Gaussian continuous variable state improves the efficiency and robustness of a quantum teleportation and communication. Thus, it is important to understand the entanglement properties of non-Gaussian states. For a class of non-Gaussian continuous variable states, we derive a general criterion for SU(2) operators which incidentally coincides with the work of Agarwal and Biswas and another entanglement criteria for SU(1,1) operators for a two-mode non-Gaussian state using uncertainty relation and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.

•Apr 1, 2017•0 citations

Matched entanglement witness criteria for continuous variables

Xiaoyu Chen, Maoke Miao, Rui Yin +1 more

We use quantum entanglement witnesses derived from Gaussian operators to study the separable criteria of continuous variable states. We transform the validity of a Gaussian witness to a Bosonic Gaussian channel problem. It follows that the maximal means of two-mode and some four-mode Gaussian operators over product pure states are achieved by vacuum (or coherent states and squeezed states) according to the properties of Bosonic Gaussian channels. Then we have necessary and sufficient criteria of separability not only for Gaussian quantum states, but also for non-Gaussian states prepared by photon adding to or/and subtracting from Gaussian states. The criterion can be further explicitly expressed with covariance matrix of the Gaussian state or covariance matrix of Gaussian kernel of the non-Gaussian state. This opens a way for precise detection of non-Gaussian entanglement.

arXiv:2208.12425•Aug 26, 2022•0 citations

Optimal entanglement witnesses for continuous-variable systems

P. Hyllus, Jens Eisert

This paper is concerned with all tests for continuous-variable entanglement that arise from linear combinations of second moments or variances of canonical coordinates, as they are commonly used in experiments to detect entanglement. All such tests for bi-partite and multi-partite entanglement correspond to hyperplanes in the set of second moments. It is shown that all optimal tests, those that are most robust against imperfections with respect to some figure of merit for a given state, can be constructed from solutions to semi-definite optimization problems. Moreover, we show that for each such test, referred to as an entanglement witness based on second moments, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the witness and a stronger product criterion, which amounts to a nonlinear witness, based on the same measurements. This generalizes the known product criteria. The presented tests are all applicable also to non-Gaussian states. To provide a service to the community, we present the documentation of two numerical routines, FullyWit and MultiWit , which have been made publicly available.

arXiv:quant-ph/0510077•New Journal of Physics•Apr 10, 2006•155 citations

Detection of mode-intrinsic quantum entanglement

Carlos E. Lopetegui, Mathieu Isoard, Nicolas Treps +1 more

Quantum correlations are at the core of quantum information processing and are necessary to achieve a quantum computational advantage. In the context of continuous-variable quantum systems, another necessary resource for quantum advantages is non-Gaussianity. In this work, we propose a witness based on previously known relations between metrological power and quantum correlations, to detect a strong form of entanglement that only non-Gaussian states possess and that cannot be undone by passive optical operations, i.e., entanglement in all mode bases. The strength of our witness is two-fold: it only requires measurements in one basis to check entanglement in any arbitrary mode basis; it can be made applicable experimentally using homodyne measurements and without requiring a full tomography of the state.

arXiv:2407.18095•Optica Quantum•May 15, 2025•4 citations
We introduce a family of entanglement witnesses for continuous variable systems, which rely on the sole assumption that their dynamics is that of coupled harmonic oscillators at the time of the test. Entanglement is inferred from the Tsirelson nonclassicality test on one of the normal modes, without any knowledge about the state of the other mode. In each round, the protocol requires measuring only the sign of one coordinate (e.g., position) at one among several times. This dynamic-based entanglement witness is more akin to a Bell inequality than to an uncertainty relation: in particular, it does not admit false positives from classical theory. Our criterion detects non-Gaussian states, some of which are missed by other criteria.
A dynamics-based test, originally proposed by Tsirelson for the harmonic oscillator, provides a method for certifying quantumness under the assumption of a known Hamiltonian. These tests, however, are typically proposed for isolated systems, an assumption that breaks down in experimental implementation. In this paper, we extend the protocol to the harmonic oscillator coupled to standard models of dissipation: thermal relaxation, pure dephasing, and the Caldeira--Leggett model. Using the Moyal-Wigner formalism of quantum mechanics in phase space, we show that the introduction of dissipation requires a dissipation-dependent shift of the classical bound, and provide the threshold under which the nonclassicality witness retains its validity.
Entanglement detection and estimation are fundamental problems in quantum information science. Compared with discrete-variable states, for which lots of efficient entanglement detection criteria and lower bounds of entanglement measures have been proposed, the continuous-variable entanglement is much less understood. Here we shall present a family of entanglement witnesses based on continuous-variable local orthogonal observables (CVLOOs) to detect and estimate entanglement of Gaussian and non-Gaussian states, especially for bound entangled states. By choosing an optimal set of CVLOOs, our entanglement witness is equivalent to the realignment criterion and can be used to detect bound entanglement of a class of 2+2 mode Gaussian states. Via our entanglement witness, lower bounds of two typical entanglement measures for arbitrary two-mode continuous-variable states are provided.
Entanglement for continuous variable states opens up an avenue for experimental utilization of the entanglement properties of quantum physics very easily. Non- Gaussian continuous variable state improves the efficiency and robustness of a quantum teleportation and communication. Thus, it is important to understand the entanglement properties of non-Gaussian states. For a class of non-Gaussian continuous variable states, we derive a general criterion for SU(2) operators which incidentally coincides with the work of Agarwal and Biswas and another entanglement criteria for SU(1,1) operators for a two-mode non-Gaussian state using uncertainty relation and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.
We use quantum entanglement witnesses derived from Gaussian operators to study the separable criteria of continuous variable states. We transform the validity of a Gaussian witness to a Bosonic Gaussian channel problem. It follows that the maximal means of two-mode and some four-mode Gaussian operators over product pure states are achieved by vacuum (or coherent states and squeezed states) according to the properties of Bosonic Gaussian channels. Then we have necessary and sufficient criteria of separability not only for Gaussian quantum states, but also for non-Gaussian states prepared by photon adding to or/and subtracting from Gaussian states. The criterion can be further explicitly expressed with covariance matrix of the Gaussian state or covariance matrix of Gaussian kernel of the non-Gaussian state. This opens a way for precise detection of non-Gaussian entanglement.
This paper is concerned with all tests for continuous-variable entanglement that arise from linear combinations of second moments or variances of canonical coordinates, as they are commonly used in experiments to detect entanglement. All such tests for bi-partite and multi-partite entanglement correspond to hyperplanes in the set of second moments. It is shown that all optimal tests, those that are most robust against imperfections with respect to some figure of merit for a given state, can be constructed from solutions to semi-definite optimization problems. Moreover, we show that for each such test, referred to as an entanglement witness based on second moments, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the witness and a stronger product criterion, which amounts to a nonlinear witness, based on the same measurements. This generalizes the known product criteria. The presented tests are all applicable also to non-Gaussian states. To provide a service to the community, we present the documentation of two numerical routines, FullyWit and MultiWit , which have been made publicly available.
Quantum correlations are at the core of quantum information processing and are necessary to achieve a quantum computational advantage. In the context of continuous-variable quantum systems, another necessary resource for quantum advantages is non-Gaussianity. In this work, we propose a witness based on previously known relations between metrological power and quantum correlations, to detect a strong form of entanglement that only non-Gaussian states possess and that cannot be undone by passive optical operations, i.e., entanglement in all mode bases. The strength of our witness is two-fold: it only requires measurements in one basis to check entanglement in any arbitrary mode basis; it can be made applicable experimentally using homodyne measurements and without requiring a full tomography of the state.