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arXiv:2210.02485

Topological invariants for SPT entanglers

Carolyn Zhang

Published Oct 5, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

We develop a framework for classifying locality preserving unitaries (LPUs) with internal, unitary symmetries in $d$ dimensions, based on $(d-1)$ dimensional ``flux insertion operators" which are easily computed from the unitary. Using this framework, we obtain formulas for topological invariants of LPUs that prepare, or entangle, symmetry protected topological phases (SPTs). These formulas serve as edge invariants for Floquet topological phases in $(d+1)$ dimensions that ``pump" $d$-dimensional SPTs. For 1D SPT entanglers and certain higher dimensional SPT entanglers, our formulas are completely closed-form.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2210.02485

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We develop a framework for classifying locality preserving unitaries (LPUs) with internal, unitary symmetries in ddd dimensions, based on (d−1)(d-1)(d−1) dimensional flux insertion operators" which are easily computed from the unitary. Using this framework, we obtain formulas for topological invariants of LPUs that prepare, or entangle, symmetry protected topological phases (SPTs). These formulas serve as edge invariants for Floquet topological phases in $(d+1)$ dimensions that pump" ddd-dimensional SPTs. For 1D SPT entanglers and certain higher dimensional SPT entanglers, our formulas are completely closed-form.
Broad classes of symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases can be prepared from a product state by locality preserving unitary operators that respect the symmetry as a whole, but cannot be written as symmetric finite depth quantum circuits. This work provides a framework for obtaining explicit topological invariants of such unitary operators, based on a special easily computable flux insertion operator. For unitary operators that are SPT entanglers, these invariants are related to the cocycle that labels the SPT phase.
Although symmetry-protected topological phases (SPTs) can be distinguished by their entanglement properties, it has been unclear how to extract this information directly from expectation values beyond the 1D case. Here, we close this gap and propose a pair of nonlocal order parameters that can detect and distinguish all bosonic SPTs in 2D protected by internal discrete, Abelian unitary symmetries. The desired topological invariants are extracted by these quantities by effectively simulating the SPT path integral on topologically non-trivial spacetime manifolds. Our order parameters are defined in terms of expectation values of partial symmetry and permutation operations acting on fixed numbers of replicas of the system in finite spatial regions. These expectation values correspond to symmetry-twisted versions of multipartite entanglement quantities known as multi-entropies. We show explicitly that our two order parameters detect symmetry-protected four-party and six-party entanglement, respectively, and we constrain possible "spurious" contributions. We analytically test our proposal in fixed-point lattice models. Our results suggest multipartite entanglement to be a defining feature of SPTs; indeed, we expect our methods to generalize to fermionic and higher-dimensional systems.
We provide a classification of symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases of many-body localized (MBL) spin and fermionic systems in one dimension. For spin systems, using tensor networks we show that all eigenstates of these phases have the same topological index as defined for SPT ground states. For unitary on-site symmetries, the MBL phases are thus labeled by the elements of the second cohomology group of the symmetry group. A similar classification is obtained for anti-unitary on-site symmetries, time-reversal symmetry being a special case with a [Formula: see text] classification (see [Wahl 2018 Phys. Rev. B 98 054204]). For the classification of fermionic MBL phases, we propose a fermionic tensor network diagrammatic formulation. We find that fermionic MBL systems with an (anti-)unitary symmetry are classified by the elements of the (generalized) second cohomology group if parity is included into the symmetry group. However, our approach misses a [Formula: see text] topological index expected from the classification of fermionic SPT ground states. Finally, we show that all found phases are stable to arbitrary symmetry-preserving local perturbations. Conversely, different topological phases must be separated by a transition marked by delocalized eigenstates. Finally, we demonstrate that the classification of spin systems is complete in the sense that there cannot be any additional topological indices pertaining to the properties of individual eigenstates, but there can be additional topological indices that further classify Hamiltonians.
Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states are short-range entangled states with a symmetry GGG. They belong to a new class of quantum states of matter which are classified by the group cohomology Hd+1(G,R/Z){\mathcal{H}}^{d+1}(G,\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})Hd+1(G,R/Z) in ddd-dimensional space. In this paper, we propose a class of symmetry-protected topological invariants that may allow us to fully characterize SPT states with a symmetry group GGG [i.e., allow us to measure the cocycles in Hd+1(G,R/Z){\mathcal{H}}^{d+1}(G,\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z})Hd+1(G,R/Z) that characterize the SPT states]. We give an explicit and detailed construction of symmetry-protected topological invariants for 2+12+12+1D SPT states. Such a construction can be directly generalized to other dimensions.
Abstract Classifying and understanding phases of matter is an important task in condensed matter physics. The class of ‘conventional’ symmetry-broken phases is well understood in terms of Landau’s theory. A paradigmatic example is the Z2-symmetric Ising model with symmetric (paramagnetic) and symmetry-broken (ferromagnet) phases, which can be distinguished by measuring the magnetization as a local order parameter. Topological phases of matter, however, are less understood and no complete classification is known. These lecture notes discuss schemes that provide an understanding and characterization of certain topological phases of matter in models with local Hamiltonians. The main focus is on symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases in one-dimensional bosonic systems. On the basis of the entanglement properties of such systems, a motivation is given for the matrix product state (MPS) representation of ground states. Using the MPS framework, it is demonstrated how SPT phases can be classified using projective representations of the symmetries.
We provide a classification of symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases of many-body localized (MBL) spin and fermionic systems in one dimension. For spin systems, using tensor networks we show that all eigenstates of these phases have the same topological index as defined for SPT ground states. For unitary on-site symmetries, the MBL phases are thus labeled by the elements of the second cohomology group of the symmetry group. A similar classification is obtained for anti-unitary on-site symmetries, time-reversal symmetry being a special case with a [Formula: see text] classification (see [Wahl 2018 Phys. Rev. B 98 054204]). For the classification of fermionic MBL phases, we propose a fermionic tensor network diagrammatic formulation. We find that fermionic MBL systems with an (anti-)unitary symmetry are classified by the elements of the (generalized) second cohomology group if parity is included into the symmetry group. However, our approach misses a [Formula: see text] topological index expected from the classification of fermionic SPT ground states. Finally, we show that all found phases are stable to arbitrary symmetry-preserving local perturbations. Conversely, different topological phases must be separated by a transition marked by delocalized eigenstates. Finally, we demonstrate that the classification of spin systems is complete in the sense that there cannot be any additional topological indices pertaining to the properties of individual eigenstates, but there can be additional topological indices that further classify Hamiltonians.