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arXiv:2209.04339 · PRX Quantum

100-Gbit/s Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations

Cédric Bruynsteen, Tobias Gehring, Cosmo Lupo, Johan Bauwelinck, Xin Liang Yin

Published Mar 22, 2023• 78 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Emerging communication and cryptography applications call for reliable fast unpredictable random number generators.Quantum random number generation allows for the creation of truly unpredictable numbers due to the inherent randomness available in quantum mechanics.A popular approach is to use the quantum vacuum state to generate random numbers.While convenient, this approach has been generally limited in speed compared to other schemes.Here, through custom codesign of optoelectronic integrated circuits and side-information reduction by digital filtering, we experimentally demonstrate an ultrafast generation rate of 100 Gbit/s, setting a new record for vacuum-based quantum random number generation by one order of magnitude.Furthermore, our experimental demonstrations are well supported by an upgraded device-dependent framework that is secure against both classical and quantum side information and that also properly considers the nonlinearity in the digitization process.This ultrafast secure random number generator in the chip-scale platform holds promise for next-generation communication and cryptography applications.

DOI
10.1103/prxquantum.4.010330

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Emerging communication and cryptography applications call for reliable fast unpredictable random number generators.Quantum random number generation allows for the creation of truly unpredictable numbers due to the inherent randomness available in quantum mechanics.A popular approach is to use the quantum vacuum state to generate random numbers.While convenient, this approach has been generally limited in speed compared to other schemes.Here, through custom codesign of optoelectronic integrated circuits and side-information reduction by digital filtering, we experimentally demonstrate an ultrafast generation rate of 100 Gbit/s, setting a new record for vacuum-based quantum random number generation by one order of magnitude.Furthermore, our experimental demonstrations are well supported by an upgraded device-dependent framework that is secure against both classical and quantum side information and that also properly considers the nonlinearity in the digitization process.This ultrafast secure random number generator in the chip-scale platform holds promise for next-generation communication and cryptography applications.
True randomness is an essential requirement in numerous classical and quantum cryptographic systems and applications to guarantee secure communication, necessitating the research and design of promising quantum random number generators. As communication systems become more randomness consuming, current generators fail to deliver the required throughput mainly due to slow and often delayed post-processing. To address these performance issues, this work presents an FPGA-based quantum random number generator based on our previous work that uses a low optical power, custom-designed integrated vacuum fluctuation source. An adaptive, efficient and fast Toeplitz hashing scheme is developed with a configurable security factor, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. The high clearance and large bandwidth of the low-noise photonic-electronic detector in combination with hardware accelerated processing makes it possible for the presented dual channel generator to deliver a record generation rate of 100.3 Gbit/s for secure usage in real-time. Due to the small form factor, the design shows promise to be fully integrated into a custom-packaged device.
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Unpredictable random number (RN) generation is an essential technology for cryptographic applications. Quantum RN generators (QRNGs) have attracted significant attention owing to their generation of RNs utilizing the randomness guaranteed by quantum mechanics. Vacuum fluctuations are a promising entropy source of quantum randomness. These are detected using a homodyne setup with a laser source and a beam splitter. QRNGs based on vacuum fluctuations can generate RNs at a high-speed and in a stable manner. This paper reports a high-speed spatially multiplexed QRNG based on vacuum fluctuations using a single semiconductor laser diode and an integrated optical beam splitter. The QRNG obtained four independent vacuum fluctuations across a wide bandwidth of over 2 GHz. The RNs were extracted in parallel using a field-programmable gate array with analog-to-digital converters. An aggregated real-time RN generation rate of 4×12.5 Gbit/s was achieved. The generated RNs passed a randomness test based on NIST SP800-90B.
Quantum random number generators promise perfectly unpredictable random numbers. A popular approach to quantum random number generation is homodyne measurements of the vacuum state, the ground state of the electro-magnetic field. Here we experimentally implement such a quantum random number generator, and derive a security proof that considers quantum side-information instead of classical side-information only. Based on the assumptions of Gaussianity and stationarity of noise processes, our security analysis furthermore includes correlations between consecutive measurement outcomes due to finite detection bandwidth, as well as analog-to-digital converter imperfections. We characterize our experimental realization by bounding measured parameters of the stochastic model determining the min-entropy of the system's measurement outcomes, and we demonstrate a real-time generation rate of 2.9 Gbit/s. Our generator follows a trusted, device-dependent, approach. By treating side-information quantum mechanically an important restriction on adversaries is removed, which usually was reserved to semi-device-independent and device-independent schemes.
Secure random numbers are a fundamental element of many applications in science, statistics, cryptography and more in general in security protocols. We present a method that enables the generation of high-speed unpredictable random numbers from the quadratures of an electromagnetic field without any assumption on the input state. The method allows us to eliminate the numbers that can be predicted due to the presence of classical and quantum side information. In particular, we introduce a procedure to estimate a bound on the conditional min-entropy based on the entropic uncertainty principle for position and momentum observables of infinite dimensional quantum systems. By the above method, we experimentally demonstrated the generation of secure true random bits at a rate greater than 1.7 Gbit/s.