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arXiv:2208.14769

Attosecond Physics and Quantum Information Science

Maciej Lewenstein, Niccolò Baldelli, Utso Bhattacharya, Jens Biegert, M. F. Ciappina, Ugaitz Elu, Tobias Graß, Piotr T. Grochowski, Johnson, A., Theocharis Lamprou, Andrew Maxwell, A. Ordóñez, Emilio Pisanty, J. Rivera-Dean, P. Stammer, Igor Tyulnev, P. Tzallas

Published Aug 31, 2022• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this article, we will discuss a possibility of a symbiosis for attophysics (AP) and quantum information (QI) and quantum technologies (QT). We will argue that within few years AP will reach Technology Readiness Level (RTL) 4-5 in QT, and will thus become a legitimate platform for QI and QT.
DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2208.14769

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A new quantum information technology (QIT) could emerge in the future, based on current research in the fields of quantum information processing and communication1, 2, 3 (QIPC). In contrast to conventional IT, where quantum mechanics plays a support role in improving the building blocks, fundamental quantum phenomena play a central role in QIPC — information is stored, processed, and communicated according to the laws of quantum physics. This additional freedom could enable future QIT to perform tasks we will never achieve with ordinary IT. Today many people are familiar with at least the consequences of Moore’s Law — the fastest computer in the shops doubles in speed about every 18 months to two years. This exponential progress, first noted4 by Gordon Moore — cofounder and former CEO of Intel — in 1965, has continued ever since. But it cannot go on forever. Hurdles exist, for example: silicon will hit problems, with oxide thinness or track width5; new materials or even new paradigms, such as self-assembled nano-devices or molecular electronics, will be needed; lots of dollars will be required as Moore’s second law tells us that fabrication costs are also growing exponentially. However, even if the hurdles can be overcome, we will eventually run into nature.
This article addresses topics regarding time measurements performed on quantum systems. The motivation is linked to the advent of 'attophysics' which makes feasible to follow the motion of electrons in atoms and molecules, with time resolution at the attosecond (1 as = 10 −18 s) level, i.e. at the natural scale for electronic processes in these systems. In this context, attosecond 'time-delays' have been recently measured in experiments on photoionization and the question arises if such advances could cast a new light on the still active discussion on the status of the time variable in quantum mechanics. One issue still debatable is how to decide whether one can define a quantum time operator with eigenvalues associated to measurable 'time-delays', or time is a parameter, as it is implicit in the Newtonian classical mechanics. One objective of this paper is to investigate if the recent attophysics-based measurements could shed light on this parameter-operator conundrum. To this end, we present here the main features of the theory background, followed by an analysis of the experimental schemes that have been used to evidence attosecond 'time-delays' in photoionization. Our conclusion is that these results reinforce the view that time is a parameter which cannot be defined without reference to classical mechanics.