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arXiv:2208.13377 · Physica Scripta

Estimation of optimal control for two-level and three-level quantum systems with bounded amplitude

Xikun Li

Published Sep 8, 2023• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract A systematic scheme is proposed to numerically estimate the quantum speed limit and temporal shape of optimal control in two-level and three-level quantum systems with bounded amplitude. For the two-level system, two quantum state transitions are studied as illustration. Comparisons between numerical and analytical results are made, and deviations are significantly small. For the three-level system, two critical time points are determined with high accuracy, and optimal controls are obtained for different durations. The shape of optimized control field is simple and does not switch frequently, thus are easy to implement in experiment. In addition, we compare our method with the chopped random basis (CRAB), and the performance of our method is much better than that of CRAB. Our scheme is of importance in estimating the quantum speed limit and optimal control for cases in which analytical solution is absent.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/acf803

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Abstract A systematic scheme is proposed to numerically estimate the quantum speed limit and temporal shape of optimal control in two-level and three-level quantum systems with bounded amplitude. For the two-level system, two quantum state transitions are studied as illustration. Comparisons between numerical and analytical results are made, and deviations are significantly small. For the three-level system, two critical time points are determined with high accuracy, and optimal controls are obtained for different durations. The shape of optimized control field is simple and does not switch frequently, thus are easy to implement in experiment. In addition, we compare our method with the chopped random basis (CRAB), and the performance of our method is much better than that of CRAB. Our scheme is of importance in estimating the quantum speed limit and optimal control for cases in which analytical solution is absent.
We consider the optimal control problem in a two-qubit system with bounded amplitude. Two cases are studied: quantum state preparation and entanglement creation. Cost functions, fidelity and concurrence, are optimized over bang-off controls for various values of the total duration, respectively. For quantum state preparation problem, three critical time points are determined accurately, and optimal controls are estimated. A better estimation of the quantum speed limit is obtained, so is the time-optimal control. For entanglement creation problem, two critical time points are determined, one of them is the minimal time to achieve maximal entanglement (unit concurrence) starting from the product state. In addition, the comparisons between bang-off and chopped random basis (CRAB) are made.
Using optimal control, we establish and link the ultimate bounds in time (referred to as the quantum speed limit) and energy of two- and three-level quantum nonlinear systems which feature 1:2 resonance. Despite the unreachable complete inversion, by using the Pontryagin maximum principle, we determine the optimal time, pulse area, or energy for a given arbitrary accuracy. We show that the third-order Kerr terms can be absorbed in the detuning in order to lock the dynamics to the resonance. In the two-level problem, we determine the nonlinear counterpart of the optimal $\ensuremath{\pi}$-pulse inversion for a given accuracy. In the three-level problem, we obtain an intuitive pulse sequence similar to the linear counterpart but with different shapes. We prove the (slow) logarithmic increasing of the optimal time as a function of the accuracy.
We study time-optimal protocols for controlling quantum systems which show several avoided level crossings in their energy spectrum. The structure of the spectrum allows us to generate a robust guess which is time optimal at each crossing. We correct the field applying optimal control techniques in order to find the minimal evolution or quantum speed limit (QSL) time. We investigate its dependence as a function of the system parameters and show that the QSL time gets proportionally smaller to the well-known two-level case as the dimension of the system increases. Working at the QSL, we study the control fields derived from the optimization procedure and show that they present a very simple shape, which can be described by a few parameters. Based on this result, we propose a simple expression for the control field and show that the full time evolution of the control problem can be analytically solved.
The time optimal problem for a two level quantum system is studied. We compare two different control strategies of bang-bang control and the geometric control, respectively, especially in the case of minimizing the time of steering the state from North Pole to South Pole on the Bloch sphere with bounded control. The time performances are compared for different parameters by the individual numerical simulation experiments, and the experimental results are analyzed. The results show that the geometric control spends less time than the bang-bang control does.
Abstract The core problem in optimal control theory applied to quantum systems is to determine the temporal shape of an applied field in order to maximize the expected value of some physical observable. The complexity of this procedure is given by the structural and topological features of the quantum control landscape (QCL)—i.e. the functional which maps the control field into a given value of the observable. In this work, we analyze the rich structure of the QCL in the paradigmatic Landau–Zener two-level model, and focus in particular on characterizing the QCL when the total evolution time is severely constrained. By studying several features of the optimized solutions, such as their abundance, spatial distribution and fidelities, we are able to rationalize several geometrical and topological aspects of the QCL of this simple model and identify the effects produced by different types of constraint.
This work is devoted to the study and the application of the Chopped RAndomBasis (CRAB) control algorithm as an efficient, versatile optimal control techniqueto be used for the purpose of enhancing the quality of quantum processes. In orderto show its principal aspects, the method is here applied to different systems, inparticular one-qubit and two-qubit system. Finally, the dressed CRAB algorithmis presented as a valid alternative to the standard method, as it comes with theadditional property of guaranteed convergence to the global optimum