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arXiv:2208.12267

Quantum Mechanics Interpreted Through Quantum Electrodynamics

Eduardo V. Flores

Published Aug 25, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

We analyze an experiment in which a thin wire is scanned across the overlap of two in phase photon beams. We find that unless the wire induces the formation of an interference pattern, the complementarity inequality is violated. Quantum electrodynamics accounts for this effect through photon deflections mediated by energy momentum exchange with the wire via virtual particles. This mechanism underscores the essential role of virtual particles in producing field effects and motivates an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which the wavefunction or field serves as information, a blueprint guiding virtual particles, whose exchanges with external sources shape the trajectories of real particles in accordance with field predictions. As an application, we propose a test of gravity quantum nature.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2208.12267

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We analyze an experiment in which a thin wire is scanned across the overlap of two in phase photon beams. We find that unless the wire induces the formation of an interference pattern, the complementarity inequality is violated. Quantum electrodynamics accounts for this effect through photon deflections mediated by energy momentum exchange with the wire via virtual particles. This mechanism underscores the essential role of virtual particles in producing field effects and motivates an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which the wavefunction or field serves as information, a blueprint guiding virtual particles, whose exchanges with external sources shape the trajectories of real particles in accordance with field predictions. As an application, we propose a test of gravity quantum nature.
Particle-like and wave-like behaviors of elementary particles are understood to be complementary. This can be expressed as K^2+V^2 is less or equal to 1, where K is the path information, and V is the visibility of an interference pattern. We explore this general constraint in an experiment using two independent yet phase-coherent laser beams. Our results appear to be in conflict with the complementarity inequality. We resolve our paradoxical findings by introducing the concept of a virtual interference pattern to describe interference that is present in the fields but is prevented from materializing due to lack of momentum. The visibility of such a virtual interference pattern is zero. However, when we scan a thin wire across the virtual interference pattern it becomes partially visible. We explain this phenomenon by realizing that the wire provides the momentum to deflect photons and form the pattern. Thus, the wire plays the role of an objective interactive observer by inducing the formation of a physical interference pattern on its surface.
We set up an experiment with two independent laser beams that cross at a small angle, spatially separate, and end at detectors in front of each beam. The setup allows us to obtain maximum path or which-way information, K=1. However, when we scan a thin wire across the beam intersection the which-way information drops to K=0.985. The thin wire serves to verify the presence of an interference pattern with visibility, V=0.833, at the beam intersection. Our results appear to be in conflict with the complementarity inequality, V^2+K^2 smaller or equal to 1. We introduce a model that describes a virtual interference pattern. We resolve our paradoxical findings by proposing that the complementarity inequality does not apply to virtual interference patterns but only to physically real ones. We find that the interference pattern in our setup is virtual.
Abstract Quantum interference is often seen as a manifestation of intrinsic wave–particle duality, invoking self-interference and wavefunction superposition. We propose an alternative causal framework where interference arises from interactions between a classical electron and a quantized electromagnetic field. Electrons follow definite, localized trajectories and yield discrete detection events. The wave-like interference pattern emerges statistically from stochastic, nonlocal momentum transfers mediated by quantized field modes. Simulations of double-slit experiments show that dot-like fringes arise without wavefunction collapse or intrinsic wave behavior. Doubling the electron mass narrows fringe spacing in line with de Broglie scaling, suggesting the effective wavelength results dynamically from field coupling, not as an inherent particle trait. This interpretation preserves classical realism while reproducing quantum interference as an emergent, ensemble-level phenomenon. It provides a deterministic account grounded in structured field interactions. In this view, wave–particle duality of electrons reflects the wave nature of photons—the massless U(1) gauge bosons mediating the field—rather than being a fundamental property of matter.
The Bose-Marletto-Vedral experiment is a proposal for testing the quantum nature of gravity with entanglement due to Newtonian gravity. This proposal has stimulated controversy on how the entanglement due to Newtonian gravity is related to the essence of quantum gravity and the existence of gravitons. Motivated by this, we analyze the entanglement generation between two charged particles coupled to a photon field. We assume that each particle is in a superposition of two trajectories and that the photon field is initially in a coherent state. Based on covariant quantum electrodynamics, the formula for the entanglement negativity of the charged particles is derived for the first time. Adopting simple analytic trajectories of the particles, we demonstrate the entanglement between them. It is observed that the entanglement is suppressed by the decoherence due to the vacuum fluctuations of the photon field. We also find that the effect of quantum superposition of bremsstrahlung appears in the entanglement negativity formula. The similar structures between the gravity theory and electromagnetic theory suggests that a similar feature may be observed in the entanglement generation by quantum gravitational radiation.
Young’s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been interpreted by quantum probability waves and pilot waves. In this article, to study the mystery, we introduce the “virtual box” which represents the slide of double-slit and its right-hand neighborhood. Within, and only within, the “virtual box” the standard wave interference patterns are formed. We propose and carry out “comprehensive double slit experiments” that show that, first, light travelling from a laser source towards the slides of double slit and/or cross-double slit behaves as particle (postulate-1), and second, after leaving the "virtual box" zone and being directed towards the detector, the light behaves as a stream of photons (postulate-2) with no further interference due to the slits. On the one hand, the interference patterns do exist in the comprehensive-double slit experiments. On the other hand, we show four novel phenomena: (1) the fringes of the interference patterns are formed independently; (2) the fringes of the interference patterns can be formed partially; (3) the longitudinal shields do not disturb the interference patterns; and (4) the range of the virtual box is less than one inch. These novel phenomena indicate that photons behave as particles, and would not be expected if photons behave as waves created by the double slit and/or cross double slit. The comprehensive-double slit experiments show the coexistence of wave distribution and particle nature of photons in the same experiment, which violates complementarity principle and thus, seems a paradox. We suggest an interpretation to address the paradox. All observations of the comprehensive-double slit experiments are consistent. Progress in studying the mystery of the double slit experiment is presented.
Double-slit interference is one of the most fundamental quantum phenomena among photons and other particles. We propose a novel and realist quantum framework in which interference patterns in double-slit experiments arise not from wavefunction self-interference or collapse, but from causal non-local, quantized cavity-induced momentum exchange between the electron and the double-slit field potential. Unlike Copenhagen or Bohmian interpretations, our theory treats the electron as a deterministic, soliton-like entity governed by classical-like trajectories. The quantized potential of the slits—described via creation and annihilation operators—is responsible for discrete momentum transfer through coupling with cavity or barrier modes, modeled via octonionic algebra that differentiates internal particle structure from external field dynamics. The resulting interference pattern emerges from non-local, quantized interactions between the electron and field modes without invoking the probabilistic wavefunction. Our model aligns with experimental violations of Bell’s inequality and avoids conceptual paradoxes such as wavefunction collapse and self-interference. The framework makes several testable predictions, offering a promising new direction for understanding quantum interference with clearer physical realism.