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arXiv:2207.00360

Hidden and detectable squeezing from micro-resonators

Élie Gouzien, Laurent Labonté, Alessandro Zavatta, Jean Etesse, Sébastien Tanzilli, Virginia D’Auria, Giuseppe Patera

Published Jul 1, 2022• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In the context of quantum integrated photonics, this work investigates the quantum properties of light generated by silicon and silicon nitride micro-resonators pumped in pulsed regime. The developed theoretical model, performed in terms of the morphing supermodes, provides a comprehensive description of the generated quantum states. Remarkably, it shows that a full measurement of states carrying optimal squeezing levels is not accessible to standard homodyne detection, thus leaving hidden part of generated quantum features. By presenting and discussing this behaviour, as well as possible strategies to amend it, this work proves itself essential to future quantum applications exploiting micro-resonators as sources of multimode states.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2207.00360

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In the context of quantum integrated photonics, this work investigates the quantum properties of light generated by silicon and silicon nitride micro-resonators pumped in pulsed regime. The developed theoretical model, performed in terms of the morphing supermodes, provides a comprehensive description of the generated quantum states. Remarkably, it shows that a full measurement of states carrying optimal squeezing levels is not accessible to standard homodyne detection, thus leaving hidden part of generated quantum features. By presenting and discussing this behaviour, as well as possible strategies to amend it, this work proves itself essential to future quantum applications exploiting micro-resonators as sources of multimode states.
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In this Letter, we present a universal approach enabling the full characterization of the quantum properties of a multimode optical system in terms of squeezing and morphing supermodes. These are modes undergoing a continuous evolution that allow uncoupling the system dynamics in terms of statistically independent physical observables. This dynamical feature, never considered so far, enables the description and investigation of an extremely broad variety of key resources for experimental quantum optics, ranging from optical parametric oscillators to silicon-based microring resonators, as well as optomechanical systems.
The ability to generate and detect quantum states of light on a single integrated photonic device is essential to scale quantum photonics into useful quantum technologies. Integrating the required capabilities into complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible monolithic chips can reduce cost and unlock new functionality through miniaturisation. In this work we demonstrate a single silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuit for the monolithic generation and detection of quantum light on a commercially available platform that operates entirely at room temperature. Specifically, we leverage spontaneous four-wave mixing in silicon waveguides to produce squeezed light which is subsequently detected by photodiodes operating in a pulsed homodyne detector configuration on the same chip as the source. We directly measure 0.25(1)0.25(1)0.25(1) dB of squeezing, including contributions from waveguide propagation loss and detection inefficiency, and include a detailed analysis of the impact of nonlinear loss on the squeezing levels achievable using this platform.
Squeezed states, with their noise reduction below the standard quantum limit, are promising quantum states of light exploited for enhancing sensitivity in quantum sensing or as carriers of information in continuous variable quantum computing and communication. To make use of their quantum advantage, the main common challenge in generating these states is achieving high levels of squeezing in low loss setups.Over the years, several bulk optical nonlinear crystals and cavities have been employed for the generation of different types of high-quality squeezed states. However, recent progress in fabricating ultra-low loss integrated waveguides has shifted the interest of the community towards the integration of squeezing sources to gain advantages in terms of compactness, scalability, and reproducibility.The aim of this thesis is to investigate the main characteristics, limits, and requirements for the generation of vacuum and bright squeezed states by second- and third-order nonlinear devices, with more emphasis on integrated cavities. In particular, we demonstrate high on-chip intensity difference squeezing between bright mode pairs created in an engineered SiN microring resonator. In addition, we propose the use of the Ikeda map, a semi-classical simulation tool, for the investigation of two-mode quadrature squeezing generation in microresonators, discussing its competitiveness against standard quantum models. These results contribute to the optimization of engineered integrated devices with the aim of attaining high levels of squeezing sufficient to bring real advantages in classical and quantum applications.
Silicon nitride microresonators driven by strong pump pulses can generate squeezed light in a dominant spectral-temporal mode, a central resource for continuous-variable quantum computation. In the high parametric gain regime, several effects, including self- and cross-phase modulation as well as time-ordering corrections, become significant and can degrade source performance. In this work, we comprehensively investigate the generation of squeezed light from a silicon nitride resonator under pulsed pumping, spanning from low to high parametric gain up to approximately 16 photons/pulse. We experimentally study how the average photon number and the first- and second-order correlations of the squeezed marginal modes evolve with increasing pulse energy, across various frequency detunings and pulse durations. Furthermore, we analyze the errors introduced by multipair emissions in estimating the joint temporal intensity via time-resolved coincidence measurements. We propose and demonstrate an error-correction strategy based on the marginal distributions of time-resolved multiphoton events. Our results provide a practical strategy for optimizing the gain and the temporal mode structure of pulsed squeezed light sources in microresonators, elucidating the physical mechanisms and limitations that govern source performance in the high-gain regime.
Integration of quantum optical technique on-chip is crucial for large scale applications of quantum technology, which were proven in a free space environment to be superior to the corresponding classical technology. Squeezed states of light can be used for enhancing the sensitivity of quantum sensors and for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Although chip-based squeezed light generation has advanced significantly, practical impact remains limited because coupling losses between the chip and off-chip detectors destroy delicate quantum correlations, restricting the amount of observed squeezing. Here, we overcome this limitation by implementing the idea of on-chip quantum measurement with the aid of a parametric amplifier and applying it to the squeezed state generated by a silicon nitride (SiN) microring resonator. In our scheme, two matched SiN micro-rings are sequentially constructed. The first ring generates a squeezed state, whereas the second ring acts as a high-gain parametric amplifier (PA) that measures the squeezed state before the light experiences significant off-chip loss. This architecture is inherently loss-tolerant: the amplifier elevates the quantum noise well above the vacuum level, making the measurement insensitive to downstream losses. We directly observe a quantum noise reduction of 4.6 dB from the first ring, despite a chip-to-fiber coupling loss exceeding 5 dB. This work also demonstrates the first monolithic SU(1,1) interferometer with an estimated 5 dB signal-to-noise enhancement compared to traditional linear interferometers, and thus establishes a practical pathway for chip-based quantum sensors.