Although numerous measures of entanglement have been proposed so far, the calculation of a given faithful entanglement measure is a hard work since it is always involved in some optimization process. It is, therefore, important to estimate the lower bound of a given entanglement measure for an arbitrary quantum state. This results in a subject of intensive mathematical research. In particular, along this line, the lower bounds of concurrence or other measures that are induced from concurrence have been explored a lot. Here, we investigate the lower bounds of two kinds of entanglement monotones, i.e.,
q-concurrence (
q>1) and
α-concurrence (
0<α<1), or termed the parameterized entanglement monotone together. We obtain, in the light of the informationally complete (
N,
M)-positive operator-valued measure [(
N,
M)-POVM], the lower bounds for the case of
21<α<1,
1<q<2 for two-qudit states, and the case of
2⩽q<3 for two-qubit states. We list several examples which show that the lower bounds based on (
N,
M)-POVM outperform that of GSIC-POVM and SIC-POVM, and all these measurement based bounds are better then the ones induced by positive partial transpose (PPT) and realignment criteria in literature. In addition, we obtain an analytical formula of the parameterized entanglement monotone with
21<α<1 and
1<q<2 for the isotropic state.
We explore optical quantum engineering of phase-parameterized continuous-variable (CV) probe states to exploit nonclassical light to solve the problem of precise phase estimation. The optical interferometer consists of a single beam splitter (BS) with tunable transmittance and reflectance, and two single-mode squeezed vacuum states (SMSVs). The reference SMSV state is mixed with a weakly squeezed state carrying an unknown phase at the beam splitter to form an output hybrid entangled state. Then, in the measurement mode, the number of photons is measured to generate the target CV state parameterized by the unknown phase. Using the CV states, we propose a sub-Heisenberg metrology protocol in which the quantum Cramer-Rao (QCR) boundary is saturated by intensity measurement. The advantage of quantum engineering of CV probe states for ultra-precise phase estimation of unknown phase is due solely to the nonclassical photonic properties of the measurement induced CV states of definite parity and is independent of the mode entanglement.
Abstract It is well known that any well-defined bipartite entanglement measure
E E obeys
γ γ th-monogamy relations Eq. (1.1) and assisted measure
Ea E a obeys
δ δ th-polygamy relations Eq. (1.2). Recently, we presented a class of tighter parameterized monogamy relation for the
α α th
(α≥γ) ( α ≥ γ ) power based on Eq. 1.1. This study provides a family of tighter lower (resp. upper) bounds of the monogamy (resp. polygamy) relations in a unified manner. In the first part of the paper, the following three basic problems are focused: tighter monogamy relation for the
α α th (
0≤α≤γ 0 ≤ α ≤ γ ) power of any bipartite entanglement measure
E E based on Eq. (1.1); tighter polygamy relation for the
β β th (
β≥δ β ≥ δ ) power of any bipartite assisted entanglement measure
Ea E a based on Eq. (1.2); tighter polygamy relation for the
ω ω th (
0≤ω≤δ 0 ≤ ω ≤ δ ) power of any bipartite assisted entanglement measure
Ea E a based on Eq. (1.2). In the second part, using the tighter polygamy relation for the
ω ω th (
0≤ω≤2 0 ≤ ω ≤ 2 ) power of CoA, we obtain good estimates or bounds for the
ω ω th (
0≤ω≤2 0 ≤ ω ≤ 2 ) power of concurrence for any N-qubit pure states
∣ψ⟩AB1⋯BN−1