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arXiv:2206.04321 · npj Quantum Information

Probing two-qubit capacitive interactions beyond bilinear regime using dual Hamiltonian parameter estimations

Jonginn Yun, Jaemin Park, Hyeongyu Jang, Jehyun Kim, Wonjin Jang, Younguk Song, Min-Kyun Cho, Hanseo Sohn, Hwanchul Jung, V. Umansky, Dohun Kim

Published Mar 29, 2023• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We report the simultaneous operation and two-qubit-coupling measurement of a pair of two-electron spin qubits, actively decoupled from quasi-static nuclear noise in a GaAs quadruple quantum dot array. Coherent Rabi oscillations of both qubits (decay time ≈2 μs; frequency few MHz) are achieved by continuously tuning their drive frequency using rapidly converging real-time Hamiltonian estimators. We observe strong two-qubit capacitive interaction (>190 MHz), combined with detuning pulses, inducing a state-conditional frequency shift. The two-qubit capacitive interaction is beyond the bilinear regime, consistent with recent theoretical predictions. We observe a high ratio (>16) between coherence and conditional phase-flip time, which supports the possibility of generating high-fidelity and fast quantum entanglement between encoded spin qubits using a simple capacitive interaction.

DOI
10.1038/s41534-023-00699-4

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Abstract We report the simultaneous operation and two-qubit-coupling measurement of a pair of two-electron spin qubits, actively decoupled from quasi-static nuclear noise in a GaAs quadruple quantum dot array. Coherent Rabi oscillations of both qubits (decay time ≈2 μs; frequency few MHz) are achieved by continuously tuning their drive frequency using rapidly converging real-time Hamiltonian estimators. We observe strong two-qubit capacitive interaction (>190 MHz), combined with detuning pulses, inducing a state-conditional frequency shift. The two-qubit capacitive interaction is beyond the bilinear regime, consistent with recent theoretical predictions. We observe a high ratio (>16) between coherence and conditional phase-flip time, which supports the possibility of generating high-fidelity and fast quantum entanglement between encoded spin qubits using a simple capacitive interaction.
We investigate a method for entangling two singlet-triplet qubits in adjacent double quantum dots via capacitive interactions. In contrast to prior work, here we focus on a regime with strong interactions between the qubits. The interplay of the interaction energy and simultaneous large detunings for both double dots gives rise to the ``double charge resonant'' regime, in which the unpolarized (1111) and fully polarized (0202) four-electron states in the absence of interqubit tunneling are near degeneracy, while being energetically well separated from the partially polarized (0211 and 1102) states. A rapid controlled-phase gate may be realized by combining time evolution in this regime in the presence of intraqubit tunneling and the interqubit Coulomb interaction with refocusing $\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulses that swap the singly occupied singlet and triplet states of the two qubits via, e.g., magnetic gradients. We calculate the fidelity of this entangling gate, incorporating models for two types of noise---charge fluctuations in the single-qubit detunings and charge relaxation within the low-energy subspace via electron-phonon interaction---and identify parameter regimes that optimize the fidelity. The rates of phonon-induced decay for pairs of GaAs or Si double quantum dots vary with the sizes of the dipolar and quadrupolar contributions and are several orders of magnitude smaller for Si, leading to high theoretical gate fidelities for coupled singlet-triplet qubits in Si dots. We also consider the dependence of the capacitive coupling on the relative orientation of the double dots and find that a linear geometry provides the fastest potential gate.
Abstract Universal quantum computation requires high-fidelity single-qubit rotations and controlled two-qubit gates. Along with high-fidelity single-qubit gates, strong efforts have been made in developing robust two-qubit logic gates in electrically gated quantum dot systems to realise a compact and nanofabrication-compatible architecture. Here we perform measurements of state-conditional coherent oscillations of a charge qubit. Using a quadruple quantum dot formed in a Si/SiGe heterostructure, we show the first demonstration of coherent two-axis control of a double quantum dot charge qubit in undoped Si/SiGe, performing Larmor and Ramsey oscillation measurements. We extract the strength of the capacitive coupling between a pair of double quantum dots by measuring the detuning energy shift (≈75 μeV) of one double dot depending on the excess charge configuration of the other double dot. We further demonstrate that the strong capacitive coupling allows fast, state-conditional Landau–Zener–Stückelberg oscillations with a conditional π phase flip time of about 80 ps, showing a promising pathway towards multi-qubit entanglement and control in semiconductor quantum dots.
Abstract Fast operations, an easily tunable Hamiltonian, and a straightforward two-qubit interaction make charge qubits a useful tool for benchmarking device performance and exploring two-qubit dynamics. Here, we tune a linear chain of four Si/SiGe quantum dots to host two double dot charge qubits. Using the capacitance between the double dots to mediate a strong two-qubit interaction, we simultaneously drive coherent transitions to generate correlations between the qubits. We then sequentially pulse the qubits to drive one qubit conditionally on the state of the other. We find that a conditional π-rotation can be driven in just 74 ps with a modest fidelity demonstrating the possibility of two-qubit operations with a 13.5 GHz clockspeed.
Fast operations, an easily tunable Hamiltonian, and a straightforward two-qubit interaction make charge qubits a useful tool for benchmarking device performance and exploring two-qubit dynamics. Here, we tune a linear chain of four Si/SiGe quantum dots to host two double dot charge qubits. Using the capacitance between the double dots to mediate a strong two-qubit interaction, we simultaneously drive coherent transitions to generate correlations between the qubits. We then sequentially pulse the qubits to drive one qubit conditionally on the state of the other. We find that a conditional πππ-rotation can be driven in just 74 ps with a modest fidelity demonstrating the possibility of two-qubit operations with a 13.5 GHz clockspeed.
We report energy-selective tunneling readout-based Hamiltonian parameter estimation of a two-electron spin qubit in a GaAs quantum dot array. Optimization of readout fidelity enables a single-shot measurement time of 16 μs on average, with adaptive initialization and efficient qubit frequency estimation based on real-time Bayesian inference. For qubit operation in a frequency heralded mode, we observe a 40-fold increase in coherence time without resorting to dynamic nuclear polarization. We also demonstrate active frequency feedback with quantum oscillation visibility, single-shot measurement fidelity, and gate fidelity of 97.7%, 99%, and 99.6%, respectively, showcasing the improvements in the overall capabilities of GaAs-based spin qubits. By pushing the sensitivity of the energy-selective tunneling-based spin to charge conversion to the limit, the technique is useful for advanced quantum control protocols such as error mitigation schemes, where fast qubit parameter calibration with a large signal-to-noise ratio is crucial.
A double quantum dot defines a qubit by a two-level system. The coupling between two qubits induces a double two-level system into a four-level system. We study experimentally the coupling between two capacitive coupled GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum dots while tuning the energy detuning of each double quantum dot simultaneously. Applying microwave photons (at a frequency of 20 GHz) on this system and observing the resonance tunneling with a quantum point contact detector, we obtain an excitation spectrum which is consistent with the numerical simulation result of a coupled two-qubit Hamiltonian. This study demonstrates that a double quantum dot can be exploited as an extraordinary platform for controlled quantum gates.