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arXiv:2206.04251

Coherently excited nonlocal quantum features using polarization-frequency correlation via a quantum eraser

Byoung Seung HAM

Published Jun 9, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

Indistinguishability is an essential concept to understanding mysterious quantum features in the view point of the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics. The fundamental physics of the indistinguishability lies in quantum superposition of a single photon via orthogonal bases in a Hilbert space. Here, a pure coherence approach is applied to the nonlocal correlation using coherent photons manipulated for polarization-frequency correlation. For this, both wave mixing and heterodyne detection techniques are applied for the delayed-choice experiments of a quantum eraser using coherent photons to selectively choose entangled photon pair-like inseparable tensor, otherwise resulting in a typical classical bound with 50 % visibility in nonlocality. Thus, the mysterious quantum feature of nonlocal correlation is now coherently understood and may open the door to macroscopic quantum information processing.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2206.04251

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Indistinguishability is an essential concept to understanding mysterious quantum features in the view point of the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics. The fundamental physics of the indistinguishability lies in quantum superposition of a single photon via orthogonal bases in a Hilbert space. Here, a pure coherence approach is applied to the nonlocal correlation using coherent photons manipulated for polarization-frequency correlation. For this, both wave mixing and heterodyne detection techniques are applied for the delayed-choice experiments of a quantum eraser using coherent photons to selectively choose entangled photon pair-like inseparable tensor, otherwise resulting in a typical classical bound with 50 % visibility in nonlocality. Thus, the mysterious quantum feature of nonlocal correlation is now coherently understood and may open the door to macroscopic quantum information processing.
Abstract Photon indistinguishability is an essential concept to understanding “mysterious” quantum features from the viewpoint of the wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics. The physics of indistinguishability lies in the manipulation of quantum superposition between orthonormal bases of a single photon such as in a quantum eraser. Here, a pure coherence approach is applied for the nonlocal correlation based on the polarization-frequency correlation of Poisson-distributed coherent photon pairs to investigate the role of quantum measurements. For this, a gated heterodyne-detection technique is adopted for coincidence measurements between space-like separated delayed-choice quantum erasers, resulting in an inseparable basis product between them. Thus, the mysterious quantum correlation is coherently understood via a tensor-product modification for the second-order quantum superposition. Finally, the Bell inequality violation is numerically confirmed for the derived coherence solutions of the nonlocal correlation.
Quantum entanglement is known as a unique quantum feature that cannot be obtained by classical physics. Over the last several decades, however, such an understanding on quantum entanglement might have confined us in a limited world of weird quantum mechanics. Unlike a single photon, a definite phase relation between paired photons is the key to understanding quantum features. Recently, an intuitive approach to the otherwise mysterious quantum features has emerged and shined a light on coherence manipulations of product-basis superposition via selective measurements. Here, a coherence manipulation is presented to excite polarization-path correlation using Poisson-distributed coherent photons for a classically excited joint-phase relation of independent local parameters. For this, linear optics is used for the preparation of the polarization-basis randomness, and a gated heterodyne detection technique is adopted for the selective measurement of polarization bases. As a result, the nonlocal quantum feature is now coherently understood in a deterministic way.
Indistinguishability in quantum mechanics is an essential concept to understanding mysterious quantum features such as self-interference of a single photon and two-photon nonlocal correlation. Delayed-choice experiments are for the cause-effect violation via post-measurements of photons in an interferometric system. Recently, a macroscopic version of the delayed-choice experiments has been demonstrated using the classical means of Poisson distributed photons in a noninterfering Mach-Zehnder interferometer (NMZI). Here, a coherence version of the nonlocal correlation is presented using the wave nature of photons in space-like separated orthogonally polarized NMZIs. For this, polarization-basis projections of the pair of NMZI output photons onto a set of polarizers are measured coincidently, where each output photon comprises orthogonal polarization bases. Because of the coherence feature of the output photons via coincidence detection, a phase sensitive nonlocal correlation is achieved. As a result, indistinguishability limited to a single or entangled photon pairs needs to be reconsidered with basis (polarization) randomness for the nonlocal correlation.
Quantum entanglement generation is generally known to be impossible by any classical means. According to Poisson statistics, coherent photons are not considered quantum particles due to the bunching phenomenon. Recently, a coherence approach has been applied for quantum correlations such as the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, Franson-type nonlocal correlation, and delayed-choice quantum eraser to understand the mysterious quantum features. In the coherence approach, the quantum correlation has been now understood as a direct result of selective measurements between product bases of phase-coherent photons. Especially in the HOM interpretation, it has been understood that a fixed sum-phase relation between paired photons is the bedrock of quantum entanglement. Here, a coherently excited HOM model is proposed, analyzed, and discussed for the fundamental physics of two-photon correlation using linear optics-based polarization-basis control. For this, polarization-frequency correlation in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is coherently excited using synchronized acousto-optic modulators, where polarization-basis control is conducted via a selective measurement process of the heterodyne signals. Like quantum operator-based destructive interference in the HOM theory, a perfectly coherent analysis shows the same HOM effects of the paired coherent photons on a beam splitter, whereas individual output intensities are uniform.
Quantum entanglement is known as a unique feature of quantum mechanics, which cannot be obtained from classical physics. Recently, a coherence interpretation has been conducted for the delayed-choice quantum eraser using coherent photon pairs, where phase-locked symmetric frequency detuning between paired photons plays an essential role for selective measurement-caused nonlocal correlation. Here, a macroscopic version of the nonlocal correlation is presented using orthogonally polarized optical fields in a continuous wave quantum eraser scheme in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The resulting polarization projection of each MZI output fields onto a rotated polarizer satisfies the violation of the cause-effect relation. Based on this macroscopic quantum eraser, the intensity product between two projected output fields satisfies the inseparable joint-parameter relation if the intensity product is selectively measured through a low pass filter to block beating signals between them.
The delayed-choice quantum eraser has been intensively studied for the wave-particle duality of a single photon in an interferometric system over the last decades. Super-resolution has been studied over decades for quantum sensing to overcome the standard quantum limit. For the super-resolution, either quantum features of higher-order entangled photon pairs or classical features of phase-controlled coherent photons have been successfully demonstrated. Here, a method of classically excited super-resolution is presented for the phase-controlled coherent photons in a quarter-wave plate-modified quantum eraser scheme. To support the underlying physics of the super-resolution, nonlocal correlation is also presented with an additional frequency-polarization basis control via selective product-basis measurements.