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arXiv:2206.01460 · Physical Review A

Optical-plug-assisted spin vortex in a Rb 87 dipolar spinor Bose-Einstein condensate

Hui Tang, Peng Dong Du, Lei Jing, Su Yi, Wenxian Zhang

Published Jun 23, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

Generating a spin vortex in a $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ dipolar spinor Bose-Einstein condensate in a controllable way is still experimentally challenging. We propose an experimentally easy and tunable way to produce a spin vortex by varying the potential barrier height and the width of an additionally applied optical plug. A topological phase transition occurs from the trivial single-mode approximation phase to the optical-plug-assisted-vortex one, as the barrier height increases and the width lies in an appropriate range. The optical plug causes radial density variation and thus the spin vortex is favored by significantly lowering the intrinsic magnetic dipolar energy. A type of coreless spin vortex, different from the conventional polar core vortex, is predicted by our numerical results. Our proposal removes a major obstacle to investigating the topological phase transition in a $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ dipolar spinor Bose-Einstein condensate.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.105.063324

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Generating a spin vortex in a 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb dipolar spinor Bose-Einstein condensate in a controllable way is still experimentally challenging. We propose an experimentally easy and tunable way to produce a spin vortex by varying the potential barrier height and the width of an additionally applied optical plug. A topological phase transition occurs from the trivial single-mode approximation phase to the optical-plug-assisted-vortex one, as the barrier height increases and the width lies in an appropriate range. The optical plug causes radial density variation and thus the spin vortex is favored by significantly lowering the intrinsic magnetic dipolar energy. A type of coreless spin vortex, different from the conventional polar core vortex, is predicted by our numerical results. Our proposal removes a major obstacle to investigating the topological phase transition in a 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb dipolar spinor Bose-Einstein condensate.
Microgravity-assisted off-axis spin vortex in a 87^{87}87Rb dipolar spinor Bose-Einstein condensate
The generation of the ground state of a spin vortex in a 87^{87}87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate with the assistance of an optical plug has been studied. However, gravity is everywhere, and this potential linear dependence on the spatial position will destroy the axisymmetric structure of the system with the optical plug. In this case, the question of whether the spin vortex ground state still exists remains unresolved. The present study aims to explore the impact of microgravity on the formation of the spin vortex state with the assistance of an optical plug. To this end, a simple model has been employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. The Gross-Pitaevskii equations are solved by setting the optical plug intensity, adjusting the optical plug width, and adjusting the microgravity strength. This process results in the phase diagram for the single-mode state and spin vortex state. Under microgravity situations, we observe an off-axis structure of the spin vortex state. Our calculations offer a reliable approach to generating spin vortex states in a microgravity environment.
Topological phase imprinting is a well-established technique for deterministic vortex creation in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates of alkali-metal atoms. It was recently shown that counterdiabatic quantum control may accelerate vortex creation in comparison to the standard adiabatic protocol and suppress the atom loss due to nonadiabatic transitions. Here we apply this technique, assisted by an optical plug, for vortex pumping to theoretically show that sequential phase imprinting up to 20 cycles generates a vortex with a very large winding number. Our method significantly increases the fidelity of the pump for rapid pumping compared to the case without the counterdiabatic control, leading to the highest angular momentum per particle reported to date for the vortex pump. Our studies are based on numerical integration of the three-dimensional multicomponent Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which conveniently yields the density profiles, phase profiles, angular momentum, and other physically important quantities of the spin-1 system. Our results motivate the experimental realization of the vortex pump and studies of the rich physics it involves.
Magnetic monopoles describe isolated north or south magnetic poles. The practical detection of the free magnetic monopoles, due to their extremely heavy masses, remains challenging so far. However, Bose-Einstein condensates offer an ideal observable platform for probing monopoles. In particular, the recent realization of spin-orbit (SO) coupling, owing to its high controllability and tunability, provides an unprecedented opportunity to explore exotic structures and phase transitions of monopoles unrealizable elsewhere. Here we report Dirac monopoles attached to the polar-core vortex induced by SO coupling in ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensates, which can be readily observed via time of flight measurements in experiment. The results show that, a cyclic phase transition from Dirac monopoles with polar-core vortex to that with Mermin-Ho vortex, is induced by SO coupling. Our studies may open a new direction to realize exotic topological defects and phase transitions in quantum systems.
We show that topological vortex pumping can be implemented for a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a magnetic time-averaged orbiting potential trap with axial optical confinement. Contrary to earlier proposals for the vortex pump, we do not employ an additional optical potential to trap the condensate in the radial direction, but instead, the radial confinement is provided by the magnetic field throughout the pumping cycle. By performing numerical simulations based on the spin-1 Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we find that several pumping cycles can be carried out to produce a highly charged vortex before a majority of the particles escape from the trap or before the vortex splits into singly charged vortices. On the other hand, we observe that an additional, relatively weak optical plug potential is efficient in preventing splitting and reducing particle loss. With these results, we hope to bring the vortex pump closer to experimental realization.
It has been shown that a vortex in a Bose-Einstein condensate with spin degrees of freedom can be created by manipulating with external magnetic fields. In the previous work [Phys. Rev. A 61, 063610 (2000)] an optical plug along the vortex axis has been introduced to avoid Majorana flips, which take place when the external magnetic field vanishes along the vortex axis while it is created. In the present work, in contrast, we study the same scenario without introducing the optical plug. The magnetic field vanishes only in the center of the vortex at a certain moment of the evolution and hence we expect that the system will lose only a fraction of the atoms by Majorana flips even in the absence of an optical plug. Our conjecture is justified by numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, where the full spinor degrees of freedom of the order parameter are properly taken into account. A significant simplification of the experimental realization of the scenario is attained by the omission of the optical plug.