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arXiv:2205.15687 · Optics Express

Plug-and-play generation of non-Gaussian states of light at a telecom wavelength

Mohamed Faouzi Melalkia, Tecla Gabbrielli, Antoine Petitjean, F. Brunel, Alessandro Zavatta, Sébastien Tanzilli, Jean Etesse, Virginia D’Auria

Published Oct 26, 2022• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In the context of emerging quantum technologies, this work marks an important progress towards practical quantum optical systems in the continuous variable regime. It shows the feasibility of experiments where non-Gaussian state generation entirely relies on plug-and-play components from guided-wave optics technologies. This strategy is successfully demonstrated with the heralded preparation of low amplitude Schrödinger cat states via single-photon subtraction from a squeezed vacuum. All stages of the experiment are based on off-the-shelf fiber components. This leads to a stable, compact, and easily re-configurable realization, fully compatible with existing fiber networks and, more in general, with future out-of-the-laboratory applications.

DOI
10.1364/oe.465980

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•May 18, 2026•0 citations
In the context of emerging quantum technologies, this work marks an important progress towards practical quantum optical systems in the continuous variable regime. It shows the feasibility of experiments where non-Gaussian state generation entirely relies on plug-and-play components from guided-wave optics technologies. This strategy is successfully demonstrated with the heralded preparation of low amplitude Schrödinger cat states via single-photon subtraction from a squeezed vacuum. All stages of the experiment are based on off-the-shelf fiber components. This leads to a stable, compact, and easily re-configurable realization, fully compatible with existing fiber networks and, more in general, with future out-of-the-laboratory applications.
We demonstrate the possibility of generating non-Gaussian states of light by exploiting a setup fully based on plug-and-play guided-wave components from classical telecom and non-linear optical technologies. Our scheme relies on heralded single photon subtraction from single mode squeezed states generated in a single-pass configuration in nonlinear optical waveguides and allows generating Schrodinger kitten quantum optical states. We discuss the different parameters affecting the shape of obtained states by comparing the theory and the numerical simulations.
We demonstrate, for the first time, the realization of an entirely guided-wave squeezing experiment at a telecom wavelength. The state generation relies on waveguide non-linear optics technology while squeezing collection and transmission are implemented by using only telecom fibre components. We observe up to −1.83±0.05-1.83\pm0.05−1.83±0.05 dB of squeezing emitted at 1542 nm in CW pumping regime. The compactness and stability of the experiment, compared to free-space configurations, represent a significant step towards achieving out-of-the-lab CV quantum communication, fully compatible with existing telecom fibre networks. We believe that this work stands as a promising approach for real applications as well as for "do-it-yourself" experiments
We propose a high-rate generation method of optical Schr\"odinger cat states. Thus far, photon subtraction from squeezed vacuum states has been a standard method in cat-state generation, but its constraints on experimental parameters limit the generation rate. In this paper, we consider the state generation by photon number measurement in one mode of two-mode Gaussian states, which is a generalization of conventional photon subtraction, and derive the conditions to generate high-fidelity and large-amplitude cat states. Our method relaxes the constraints on experimental parameters, allowing us to optimize them and attain a high generation rate. Supposing realistic experimental conditions, the generation rate of cat states with large amplitudes ($|\ensuremath{\alpha}|\ensuremath{\ge}2)$ can exceed megacounts per second, about 103{10}^{3}103 to 106{10}^{6}106 times better than typical rates of conventional photon subtraction. This rate would be improved further by the progress of related technologies. The ability to generate non-Gaussian states at a high rate is important in quantum computing using optical continuous variables, where scalability has been demonstrated but preparation of non-Gaussian states of light remains as a challenging task for universality and fault tolerance. Our proposal reduces the difficulty of the state preparation and opens a way for practical applications in quantum optics.
In the context of quantum communication and technologies squeezed states of light represent a crucial resource. Nevertheless, their generation and detection usually demand complex bulk systems, hardly compatible with out-of-the-laboratory realizations. In view of future practical applications, we present a compact and easy-to-use set-up exploiting the association of commercial plug-and-play fibre components and integrated optics on lithium niobate for the generation and detection of squeezed light at a telecom wavelength. Squeezed light exhibits a reduced quantum noise of -2.00 ± 0.05 dB below the shot-noise level in a single-pass configuration.
Continuous-variable quantum computing exploits the modes of electromagnetic fields to encode information. Multiplexing generates massive entangled states, called cluster states. These structures support measurement-based quantum computing. Purely Gaussian operations restrict computational power. The Gottesman-Knill theorem demonstrates that a classical algorithm efficiently simulates a Gaussian optical circuit. Quantum advantage requires the introduction of non-Gaussian processes. The generation of Schrödinger kitten states answers this need. These non-classical states authorize the realization of non-linear logic gates. They provide the fundamental resources for Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) error correction codes. The production of these resources constitutes a physical problem. Pure states undergo rapid decoherence under the effect of optical losses. Attenuation alters the quantum properties. The Wigner function loses its negativity. The state degenerates into a statistical mixture. Until now, experiments used free-space components. These macroscopic configurations present a restrictive mechanical instability. These limits oppose the miniaturization required by modern quantum processors. Tomography requires electronic acquisition chains with very high bandwidth. These technological barriers completely prevent the physical scaling of computation architectures. This manuscript describes the development of guided-wave non-Gaussian state generators. The experimental system operates at the telecommunications wavelength (1560 nm). A continuous-wave laser precisely pumps periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides. These crystalline structures generate squeezed vacuum states. A fiber coupler extracts a minimal fraction of the beam. A Fabry-Pérot cavity filters this spatial mode. A superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) signals the arrival of a single photon. This exact detection heralds the subtraction of a photon from the main optical mode. The operation projects the system into a non-Gaussian state. The architecture is entirely fiber-integrated to minimize physical losses. The setup integrates a distribution protocol over two distant nodes. An active feedback system stabilizes the optical interferometers. The control uses a counter-propagating probe, frequency-shifted by 2.7 GHz. Experimental measurements validate this architecture. The device generated Schrödinger kitten states. Homodyne tomographic reconstruction confirms the non-Gaussian nature of the resource. The experiment measures a negative value of the Wigner function, W(0,0) = -0,085. A numerical study evaluates the criteria for quantum tomography. The simulations directly connect the electronic detection bandwidth to the physical preservation of negativity. Strict compliance with the Nyquist-Shannon theorem prevents the spectral aliasing of quantum noise. The detector bandwidth must exceed five times the cavity linewidth. The setup tested the creation of distant non-Gaussian entangled states. The protocol exploits the temporal erasure of path information. The filtering cavity elongates the wave packet and suppresses the distinguishability due to fiber asymmetry. The use of guided waves eliminates the instabilities of non-Gaussian sources. Photon subtraction provides a generation method compatible with fiber networks. This work validates the experimental production of highly sensitive quantum states. These results constitute a solid hardware basis for designing optical processors. The transposition to lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) integrated photonics will allow the development of continuous-variable quantum computers.