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arXiv:2205.04011 · Communications in Theoretical Physics

Quantum Private Comparison via Cavity QED*

Tian-Yu Ye

Published Feb 1, 2017• 43 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract The first quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol via cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is proposed in this paper by making full use of the evolution law of atom via cavity QED, where the third party (TP) is allowed to misbehave on his own but cannot conspire with either of the two users. The proposed protocol adopts two-atom product states rather than entangled states as the initial quantum resource, and only needs single-atom measurements for two users. Both the unitary operations and the quantum entanglement swapping operation are not necessary for the proposed protocol. The proposed protocol can compare the equality of one bit from each user in each round comparison with one two-atom product state. The proposed protocol can resist both the outside attack and the participant attack. Particularly, it can prevent TP from knowing two users’ secrets. Furthermore, the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol is as high as 50%.

DOI
10.1088/0253-6102/67/2/147

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Abstract The first quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol via cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is proposed in this paper by making full use of the evolution law of atom via cavity QED, where the third party (TP) is allowed to misbehave on his own but cannot conspire with either of the two users. The proposed protocol adopts two-atom product states rather than entangled states as the initial quantum resource, and only needs single-atom measurements for two users. Both the unitary operations and the quantum entanglement swapping operation are not necessary for the proposed protocol. The proposed protocol can compare the equality of one bit from each user in each round comparison with one two-atom product state. The proposed protocol can resist both the outside attack and the participant attack. Particularly, it can prevent TP from knowing two users’ secrets. Furthermore, the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol is as high as 50%.
Using the highly entangled six-qubit genuine state we present a quantum private comparison(QPC)protocol, which enables two users to compare the equality of two bits of their secrets in every round comparison with the assistance of a semi-honest third party(TP). The proposed protocol needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping technology, both of which may consume expensive quantum devices. Single particle measurements and Bell-basis measurements, which are easy to implement with current technologies, are employed by two users and TP in the proposed protocol, respectively. The proposed protocol can withstand all kinds of outside attacks and participant attacks. Moreover, none of information about the two users’ private secrets and the comparison result is leaked out to TP.
Abstract Using the highly entangled six-qubit genuine state we present a quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol, which enables two users to compare the equality of two bits of their secrets in every round comparison with the assistance of a semi-honest third party (TP). The proposed protocol needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping technology, both of which may consume expensive quantum devices. Single particle measurements and Bell-basis measurements, which are easy to implement with current technologies, are employed by two users and TP in the proposed protocol, respectively. The proposed protocol can withstand all kinds of outside attacks and participant attacks. Moreover, none of information about the two users' private secrets and the comparison result is leaked out to TP.
In this paper, an efficient quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol based on GHZ-type states is proposed. Two participants can compare the equality of two classical bits in each comparison, which could greatly reduce comparison times and increase efficiency. A semi-honest third-party (TP) is involved in assisting the participants to compare their secrets. TP may misbehave on her own, but she is not allowed to conspire with any participants. Besides, the proposed protocol needs Hadamard operation as well as single-particle measurements and Bell measurements, which are easy to implement with current technologies. Finally, the analysis shows the proposed protocol is correct and it can resist various attacks including outside attacks and dishonest participant attacks.
In this paper, a novel semiquantum private comparison (SQPC) protocol based on single kind of Bell entangled states is proposed, which allows two classical parties to judge the equality of their private inputs securely and correctly under the help of a semi-honest third party (TP) who possesses complete quantum capabilities. TP is allowed to misbehave on her own but cannot conspire with anyone else. Our protocol does not need to share secret keys among different participants in advance, and needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping. Moreover, our protocol only needs to prepare single kind of Bell entangled states as initial quantum resource. Detailed security analysis turns out that our protocol is secure against various outside and participant attacks. Compared with most of the existing SQPC protocols based on Bell entangled states, our protocol is more feasible in practice.
By using swap test, a quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol of arbitrary single qubit states with a semi-honest third party is proposed. The semi-honest third party (TP) is required to help two participants perform the comparison. She can record intermediate results and do some calculations in the whole process of the protocol execution, but she cannot conspire with any of participants. In the process of comparison, the TP cannot get two participants’ private information except the comparison results. According to the security analysis, the proposed protocol can resist both outsider attacks and participants’ attacks. Compared with the existing QPC protocols, the proposed one does not require any entanglement swapping technology, but it can compare two participants’ qubits by performing swap test, which is easier to implement with current technology. Meanwhile, the proposed protocol can compare secret integers. It encodes secret integers into the amplitude of quantum state rather than transfer them as binary representations, and the encoded quantum state is compared by performing the swap test. Additionally, the proposed QPC protocol is extended to the QPC of arbitrary single qubit states by using multi-qubit swap test.
In order to compare the size relationship and the equality of private integers from two users without any risk of leaking their secrets, we put forward a novel two-round two-party quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol with a third party (TP) based on one-direction quantum walks on a circle (ODQWC). Here, TP is allowed to launch all kinds of possible attacks except the collusion attack. This protocol adopts quantum walk (QW) states as the initial quantum resource, which are actually a kind of two-particle product states. This protocol doesn’t need any pre-shared secret key or quantum entanglement swapping operation, and only adopts unitary operations andd-dimensional single particle measurements. Security analysis validates the security of the proposed protocol against both the outside attacks and the participant attacks. Compared with previous QPC protocols based on QW, this protocol is more efficient under certain conditions. Moreover, we construct quantum circuits for this protocol and reveal its correctness and feasibility by IBM Qiskit simulator.