Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2204.12320 · Journal of Lightwave Technology

Design Methodologies for Integrated Quantum Frequency Processors

Benjamin E. Nussbaum, Andrew J. Pizzimenti, Navin B. Lingaraju, Hsuan‐Hao Lu, Joseph M. Lukens

Published Jul 20, 2022• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Frequency-encoded quantum information offers intriguing opportunities for quantum communications and networking, with the quantum frequency processor paradigm—based on electro-optic phase modulators and Fourier-transform pulse shapers—providing a path for scalable construction of quantum gates. Yet all experimental demonstrations to date have relied on discrete fiber-optic components that occupy significant physical space and impart appreciable loss. In this article, we introduce a model for the design of quantum frequency processors comprising microring resonator-based pulse shapers and integrated phase modulators. We estimate the performance of single and parallel frequency-bin Hadamard gates, finding high fidelity values that extend to frequency bins with relatively wide bandwidths. By incorporating multi-order filter designs as well, we explore the limits of tight frequency spacings, a regime extremely difficult to obtain in bulk optics. Overall, our model is general, simple to use, and extendable to other material platforms, providing a much-needed design tool for future frequency processors in integrated photonics.

DOI
10.1109/jlt.2022.3192759

Related papers

Modelling integrated quantum frequency processors towards robust quantum networks

Benjamin E. Nussbaum, Andrew J. Pizzimenti, Navin B. Lingaraju +2 more

Frequency-encoded quantum information offers intriguing opportunities for quantum communications networks, with the quantum frequency processor (QFP) paradigm promising scalable construction of quantum gates. Yet all experimental demonstrations to date have relied on discrete fiber-optic components that occupy significant physical space and impart appreciable loss. We introduce a model for designing QFPs comprising microring resonator-based pulse shapers and integrated phase modulators. We estimate the performance of frequency-bin Hadamard gates, finding high fidelity values sustained for relatively wide-bandwidth frequency bins. Our simple model and can be extended to other material platforms, providing a design tool for future frequency processors in integrated photonics. © 2023 SPIE.

Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation•Mar 8, 2023•0 citations

Modeling integrated quantum frequency processors

Benjamin E. Nussbaum, Andrew J. Pizzimenti, Navin B. Lingaraju +2 more

The quantum frequency processor (QFP) enables universal quantum gates, but demonstrations so far have employed discrete components only. We introduce a QFP model for microring resonator-based pulse shapers, analyzing Hadamard gates as examples. Extendable to any material, our model furnishes valuable tools for integrated QFPs.

IEEE Photonics Conference•Nov 1, 2022•0 citations

High-resolution tunable frequency beamsplitter enabled by an integrated silicon pulse shaper

Chen-You Su, Kaiyi Wu, Lucas M. Cohen +6 more

We demonstrate high-fidelity, tunable, and ultrafine-resolution on-chip frequency beamsplitters using a quantum frequency processor based on an integrated pulse shaper with six spectral channels. Near-ideal Hadamard gate performance is achieved, with fidelity F > 0.9995 and modified success probability P > 0.9621 maintained across frequency spacings from 2-5 GHz and down to as few as four spectral pulse shaper channels. The system's support of frequency spacings as narrow as 2 GHz significantly surpasses prior bulk demonstrations and enables arbitrary splitting ratios via spectral phase or modulation index control. These results establish a scalable and resource-efficient platform for integrated frequency-bin quantum photonics, opening new directions in quantum information processing, including densely parallel single-qubit operations and multidimensional gate implementations.

quant-pharXiv:2601.23028•Optics Express•Feb 2, 2026•0 citations

Frequency bins for quantum information processing

Joseph M. Lukens

Photons offer a myriad of bases for encoding quantum information, including such popular choices as polarization, spatial modes, and time bins. And due to frequency’s inherent stability and compatibility with optical fiber, spectral modes provide a particularly attractive Hilbert space for quantum computation. Yet control and processing of such modes can prove quite challenging, typically requiring complicated operations and strong classical pump fields. In this talk, I will describe our paradigm for universal quantum computation based on frequency-bin qubits and standard lightwave technology: electro-optic phase modulators and Fourier-transform pulse shapers. Our approach offers excellent resource scaling, parallelizability, and compatibility with fiber-optic technology. I will discuss experiments so far, including frequency-bin Hadamard and tritter gates, both with ultrahigh fidelity and broad bandwidth; quantum interference and independent spectral control of two photons in the same optical fiber; and a frequency-bin controlled-NOT, the first of its kind. Such experiments are augmented by Bayesian machine learning techniques, allowing for more detailed gate analysis than possible with conventional approaches. Finally, I will conclude with an outlook on future work, highlighting opportunities to address current challenges and summarizing the potential for our technique, not only in quantum computation proper, but also quantum interconnects, frequency-multiplexed networks, and on-chip integration.

Photonics for Quantum (PfQ)•Aug 27, 2021•0 citations

A paradigm for universal quantum information processing with integrated acousto-optic frequency beamsplitters

Joseph M. Lukens, John H. Dallyn, Hsuan-Hao Lu +5 more

Frequency-bin encoding offers tremendous potential in quantum photonic information processing, in which a single waveguide can support hundreds of lightpaths in a naturally phase-stable fashion. This stability, however, comes at a cost: arbitrary unitary operations can be realized by cascaded electro-optic phase modulators and pulse shapers, but require nontrivial numerical optimization for design and have thus far been limited to discrete tabletop components. In this article, we propose, formalize, and computationally evaluate a new paradigm for universal frequency-bin quantum information processing using acousto-optic scattering processes between distinct transverse modes. We show that controllable phase matching in intermodal processes enables 2$\times$2 frequency beamsplitters and transverse-mode-dependent phase shifters, which together comprise cascadable FRequency-transverse-mODe Operations (FRODOs) that can synthesize any unitary via analytical decomposition procedures. Modeling the performance of both random gates and discrete Fourier transforms, we demonstrate the feasibility of high-fidelity quantum operations with existing integrated photonics technology, highlighting prospects of parallelizable operations achieving 100\% bandwidth utilization. Our approach is realizable with CMOS technology, opening the door to scalable on-chip quantum information processing in the frequency domain.

quant-pharXiv:2601.06752•Optica Quantum•Jan 13, 2026•2 citations

Fully integrated quantum frequency processor on a silicon chip

Sara Congia, Leopold Virot, Elena Rovetta +5 more

Frequency-bin encoding has recently emerged as a powerful approach for photonic quantum information processing, offering high dimensionality, gate-parallelization, and compatibility with existing telecommunication infrastructure. However, its scalable deployment has so far been hindered by the lack of an integrated platform capable of unifying quantum state generation, coherent frequency mixing, and programmable spectral control.\\ Here, we report the first fully integrated quantum frequency processor, monolithically integrating on the same silicon photonic chip a microresonator-based biphoton quantum frequency comb source, a pump-rejection filter, high-speed phase modulators, and a four-channel, line-by-line pulse shaper. We demonstrate key functionalities, such as tunable frequency beamsplitters with success probabilities exceeding $94\%$ and fidelities above $99.9\%$, as well as the ability to synthesize more general single-qubit gates. Finally, we generate and coherently manipulate high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled states entirely on chip, showcasing control over two-photon quantum walks and performing the first on-chip frequency-bin quantum state tomography of a Bell-state with a fidelity of $95.7(3)\%$. By integrating all key functional elements on the same $4\times7\,\textrm{mm}^2$ chip, with the possibility of scaling to a larger number of modes, our work marks an important step toward large-scale frequency-domain photonic processors for both classical and quantum applications.

quant-pharXiv:2602.14240•Nature Communications•Feb 17, 2026•1 citation
Frequency-encoded quantum information offers intriguing opportunities for quantum communications and networking, with the quantum frequency processor paradigm—based on electro-optic phase modulators and Fourier-transform pulse shapers—providing a path for scalable construction of quantum gates. Yet all experimental demonstrations to date have relied on discrete fiber-optic components that occupy significant physical space and impart appreciable loss. In this article, we introduce a model for the design of quantum frequency processors comprising microring resonator-based pulse shapers and integrated phase modulators. We estimate the performance of single and parallel frequency-bin Hadamard gates, finding high fidelity values that extend to frequency bins with relatively wide bandwidths. By incorporating multi-order filter designs as well, we explore the limits of tight frequency spacings, a regime extremely difficult to obtain in bulk optics. Overall, our model is general, simple to use, and extendable to other material platforms, providing a much-needed design tool for future frequency processors in integrated photonics.
Frequency-encoded quantum information offers intriguing opportunities for quantum communications networks, with the quantum frequency processor (QFP) paradigm promising scalable construction of quantum gates. Yet all experimental demonstrations to date have relied on discrete fiber-optic components that occupy significant physical space and impart appreciable loss. We introduce a model for designing QFPs comprising microring resonator-based pulse shapers and integrated phase modulators. We estimate the performance of frequency-bin Hadamard gates, finding high fidelity values sustained for relatively wide-bandwidth frequency bins. Our simple model and can be extended to other material platforms, providing a design tool for future frequency processors in integrated photonics. © 2023 SPIE.
We demonstrate high-fidelity, tunable, and ultrafine-resolution on-chip frequency beamsplitters using a quantum frequency processor based on an integrated pulse shaper with six spectral channels. Near-ideal Hadamard gate performance is achieved, with fidelity F > 0.9995 and modified success probability P > 0.9621 maintained across frequency spacings from 2-5 GHz and down to as few as four spectral pulse shaper channels. The system's support of frequency spacings as narrow as 2 GHz significantly surpasses prior bulk demonstrations and enables arbitrary splitting ratios via spectral phase or modulation index control. These results establish a scalable and resource-efficient platform for integrated frequency-bin quantum photonics, opening new directions in quantum information processing, including densely parallel single-qubit operations and multidimensional gate implementations.
Photons offer a myriad of bases for encoding quantum information, including such popular choices as polarization, spatial modes, and time bins. And due to frequency’s inherent stability and compatibility with optical fiber, spectral modes provide a particularly attractive Hilbert space for quantum computation. Yet control and processing of such modes can prove quite challenging, typically requiring complicated operations and strong classical pump fields. In this talk, I will describe our paradigm for universal quantum computation based on frequency-bin qubits and standard lightwave technology: electro-optic phase modulators and Fourier-transform pulse shapers. Our approach offers excellent resource scaling, parallelizability, and compatibility with fiber-optic technology. I will discuss experiments so far, including frequency-bin Hadamard and tritter gates, both with ultrahigh fidelity and broad bandwidth; quantum interference and independent spectral control of two photons in the same optical fiber; and a frequency-bin controlled-NOT, the first of its kind. Such experiments are augmented by Bayesian machine learning techniques, allowing for more detailed gate analysis than possible with conventional approaches. Finally, I will conclude with an outlook on future work, highlighting opportunities to address current challenges and summarizing the potential for our technique, not only in quantum computation proper, but also quantum interconnects, frequency-multiplexed networks, and on-chip integration.
Frequency-bin encoding offers tremendous potential in quantum photonic information processing, in which a single waveguide can support hundreds of lightpaths in a naturally phase-stable fashion. This stability, however, comes at a cost: arbitrary unitary operations can be realized by cascaded electro-optic phase modulators and pulse shapers, but require nontrivial numerical optimization for design and have thus far been limited to discrete tabletop components. In this article, we propose, formalize, and computationally evaluate a new paradigm for universal frequency-bin quantum information processing using acousto-optic scattering processes between distinct transverse modes. We show that controllable phase matching in intermodal processes enables 2$\times$2 frequency beamsplitters and transverse-mode-dependent phase shifters, which together comprise cascadable FRequency-transverse-mODe Operations (FRODOs) that can synthesize any unitary via analytical decomposition procedures. Modeling the performance of both random gates and discrete Fourier transforms, we demonstrate the feasibility of high-fidelity quantum operations with existing integrated photonics technology, highlighting prospects of parallelizable operations achieving 100\% bandwidth utilization. Our approach is realizable with CMOS technology, opening the door to scalable on-chip quantum information processing in the frequency domain.
Frequency-bin encoding has recently emerged as a powerful approach for photonic quantum information processing, offering high dimensionality, gate-parallelization, and compatibility with existing telecommunication infrastructure. However, its scalable deployment has so far been hindered by the lack of an integrated platform capable of unifying quantum state generation, coherent frequency mixing, and programmable spectral control.\\ Here, we report the first fully integrated quantum frequency processor, monolithically integrating on the same silicon photonic chip a microresonator-based biphoton quantum frequency comb source, a pump-rejection filter, high-speed phase modulators, and a four-channel, line-by-line pulse shaper. We demonstrate key functionalities, such as tunable frequency beamsplitters with success probabilities exceeding 94%94\%94% and fidelities above 99.9%99.9\%99.9%, as well as the ability to synthesize more general single-qubit gates. Finally, we generate and coherently manipulate high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled states entirely on chip, showcasing control over two-photon quantum walks and performing the first on-chip frequency-bin quantum state tomography of a Bell-state with a fidelity of 95.7(3)%95.7(3)\%95.7(3)%. By integrating all key functional elements on the same 4×7 mm24\times7\,\textrm{mm}^24×7mm2 chip, with the possibility of scaling to a larger number of modes, our work marks an important step toward large-scale frequency-domain photonic processors for both classical and quantum applications.