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arXiv:2204.03736 · Optics Express

Generation of highly pure single-photon state at telecommunication wavelength

Akito Kawasaki, Kan Takase, Takefumi Nomura, Sigehito Miki, Hirotaka Terai, Masahiro Yabuno, Fumihiro China, Warit Asavanant, Mamoru Endo, Jun–ichi Yoshikawa, Akira Furusawa

Published Jun 15, 2022• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Telecommunication wavelength with well-developed optical communication technologies and low losses in the waveguide are advantageous for quantum applications. However, an experimental generation of non-classical states called non-Gaussian states at the telecommunication wavelength is still underdeveloped. Here, we generate highly-pure-single-photon states, one of the most primitive non-Gaussian states, by using a heralding scheme with an optical parametric oscillator and a superconducting nano-strip photon detector. The Wigner negativity, the indicator of non-classicality, of the generated single photon state is -0.228 ± 0.004, corresponded to 85.1 ± 0.7% of single photon and the best record of the minimum value at all wavelengths. The quantum-optics-technology we establish can be easily applied to the generation of various types of quantum states, opening up the possibility of continuous-variable-quantum-information processing at the telecommunication wavelength.

DOI
10.1364/oe.460583

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Telecommunication wavelength with well-developed optical communication technologies and low losses in the waveguide are advantageous for quantum applications. However, an experimental generation of non-classical states called non-Gaussian states at the telecommunication wavelength is still underdeveloped. Here, we generate highly-pure-single-photon states, one of the most primitive non-Gaussian states, by using a heralding scheme with an optical parametric oscillator and a superconducting nano-strip photon detector. The Wigner negativity, the indicator of non-classicality, of the generated single photon state is -0.228 ± 0.004, corresponded to 85.1 ± 0.7% of single photon and the best record of the minimum value at all wavelengths. The quantum-optics-technology we establish can be easily applied to the generation of various types of quantum states, opening up the possibility of continuous-variable-quantum-information processing at the telecommunication wavelength.
In the field of continuous-variable quantum information processing, non-Gaussian states with negative values of the Wigner function are crucial for the development of a fault-tolerant universal quantum computer. While several non-Gaussian states have been generated experimentally, none have been created using ultrashort optical wave packets, which are necessary for high-speed quantum computation, in the telecommunication wavelength band where mature optical communication technology is available. In this paper, we present the generation of non-Gaussian states on wave packets with a short 8-ps duration in the 1545.32 nm telecommunication wavelength band using photon subtraction up to three photons. We used a low-loss, quasi-single spatial mode waveguide optical parametric amplifier, a superconducting transition edge sensor, and a phase-locked pulsed homodyne measurement system to observe negative values of the Wigner function without loss correction up to three-photon subtraction. These results can be extended to the generation of more complicated non-Gaussian states and are a key technology in the pursuit of high-speed optical quantum computation.
Multi-photon Fock states have diverse applications such as optical quantum information processing. For the implementation of quantum information processing, Fock states should be generated within the telecommunication wavelength band, particularly in the C-band (1530-1565 nm). This is because mature optical communication technologies can be leveraged for transmission, manipulation, and detection. Additionally, to achieve high-speed quantum information processing, Fock states should be generated in optical pulses with as short a duration as possible, as this allows embedding lots of information in the time domain. In this paper, we successfully generate picosecond pulsed multi-photon Fock states (single-photon and two-photon states) in the C-band with Wigner negativities for the first time, which are verified by pulsed homodyne tomography. In our experimental setup, we utilize a single-pixel superconducting nanostrip photon-number-resolving detector (SNSPD), which is expected to facilitate the high-rate generation of various quantum states. This capability stems from the high temporal resolution of SNSPDs (several tens of picoseconds in our case and also in general) allowing us to increase the repetition frequency of pulsed light from the conventional MHz range to the GHz range, although in this experiment the repetition frequency is limited to 10 MHz due to the bandwidth of the homodyne detector. Consequently, our experimental setup is anticipated to serve as a prototype of a high-speed optical quantum state generator for ultrafast quantum information processing at telecommunication wavelength.
Quantum states of light having a Wigner function with negative values represent a key resource in quantum communication and quantum information processing. Here we present the generation of such a state at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. The state is generated by means of photon subtraction from a weakly squeezed vacuum state and is heralded by the ``click'' of a single photon counter. Balanced homodyne detection is applied to reconstruct the Wigner function, also yielding the state's photon-number distribution. The heralding photons are frequency up-converted to 532 nm to allow for the use of a room-temperature (silicon) avalanche photodiode. The Wigner function reads $W(0,0)=\ensuremath{-}0.063\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$ at the origin of phase space, which certifies negativity with more than 15 standard deviations.
Non-Gaussian states of light, which are essential in fault-tolerant and universal optical quantum computation, are typically generated by a heralding scheme using photon detectors. Recently, it has been theoretically shown that the large timing jitter of the photon detectors deteriorates the purity of the generated non-Gaussian states [T. Sonoyama et al., Phys. Rev. A 105, 043714 (2022)]. Here, we circumvent this problem by time-gated photon detection and generate non-Gaussian states with Wigner negativity using continuous-wave light. We use a fast optical switch for time gating to effectively improve the timing jitter of a photon-number-resolving detector based on a transition edge sensor from 50 ns to 10 ns. As a result, we generate non-Gaussian states with Wigner negativity of \ensuremath{-}$0.011\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$ $(\ensuremath{\hbar}=1)$, which cannot be observed without the time-gated photon detection method. These results confirm the effect of the timing jitter on non-Gaussian state generation experimentally for the first time. The proposed time-gated photon detection method would be useful for high-purity non-Gaussian state preparation in optical quantum information processing.