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arXiv:2203.08551 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Generalized hydrodynamics of the KdV soliton gas

Thibault Bonnemain, Benjamin Doyon, Gennady A. El

Published Aug 19, 2022• 58 citations
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Abstract

Abstract We establish the explicit correspondence between the theory of soliton gases in classical integrable dispersive hydrodynamics, and generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), the hydrodynamic theory for many-body quantum and classical integrable systems. This is done by constructing the GHD description of the soliton gas for the Korteweg–de Vries equation. We further predict the exact form of the free energy density and flux, and of the static correlation matrices of conserved charges and currents, for the soliton gas. For this purpose, we identify the solitons’ statistics with that of classical particles, and confirm the resulting GHD static correlation matrices by numerical simulations of the soliton gas. Finally, we express conjectured dynamical correlation functions for the soliton gas by simply borrowing the GHD results. In principle, other conjectures are also immediately available, such as diffusion and large-deviation functions for fluctuations of soliton transport.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/ac8253

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•Apr 13, 2017•6 citations
Abstract We establish the explicit correspondence between the theory of soliton gases in classical integrable dispersive hydrodynamics, and generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), the hydrodynamic theory for many-body quantum and classical integrable systems. This is done by constructing the GHD description of the soliton gas for the Korteweg–de Vries equation. We further predict the exact form of the free energy density and flux, and of the static correlation matrices of conserved charges and currents, for the soliton gas. For this purpose, we identify the solitons’ statistics with that of classical particles, and confirm the resulting GHD static correlation matrices by numerical simulations of the soliton gas. Finally, we express conjectured dynamical correlation functions for the soliton gas by simply borrowing the GHD results. In principle, other conjectures are also immediately available, such as diffusion and large-deviation functions for fluctuations of soliton transport.
Generalised hydrodynamics (GHD) is a recent and powerful framework to study many-body integrable systems, quantum or classical, out of equilibrium. It has been applied to several models, from the delta Bose gas to the XXZ spin chain, the KdV soliton gas and many more. Yet it has only been applied to (1+1)-dimensional systems and generalisation to higher dimensions of space is non-trivial. We study the Boussinesq equation which, while generally considered to be less physically relevant than the KdV equation, is interesting as a stationary reduction of the (boosted) Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, a prototypical and universal example of a nonlinear integrable PDE in (2+1) dimensions. We follow a heuristic approach inspired by the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz in order to construct the GHD of the Boussinesq soliton gas. Such approach allows for a statistical mechanics interpretation of the Boussinesq soliton gas that comes naturally with the GHD picture. This is to be seen as a first step in the construction of the KP soliton gas, yielding insight on some classes of solutions from which we may be able to build an intuition on how to devise a more general theory. This also offers another perspective on the construction of anisotropic bidirectional soliton gases previously introduced phenomenologically by Congy et al (2021).
We show that the equations of generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), a hydrodynamic theory for integrable quantum systems at the Euler scale, emerge in full generality in a family of classical gases, which generalize the gas of hard rods. In this family, the particles, upon colliding, jump forward or backward by a distance that depends on their velocities, reminiscent of classical soliton scattering. This provides a "molecular dynamics" for GHD: a numerical solver which is efficient, flexible, and which applies to the presence of external force fields. GHD also describes the hydrodynamics of classical soliton gases. We identify the GHD of any quantum model with that of the gas of its solitonlike wave packets, thus providing a remarkable quantum-classical equivalence. The theory is directly applicable, for instance, to integrable quantum chains and to the Lieb-Liniger model realized in cold-atom experiments.
Generalised hydrodynamics (GHD) is a recent and powerful framework to study many-body integrable systems, quantum or classical, out of equilibrium. It has been applied to several models, from the delta Bose gas to the XXZ spin chain, the KdV soliton gas and many more. Yet it has only been applied to (1+1)-dimensional systems and generalisation to higher dimensions of space is non-trivial. We study the Boussinesq equation which, while generally considered to be less physically relevant than the KdV equation, is interesting as a stationary reduction of the (boosted) Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, a prototypical and universal example of a nonlinear integrable PDE in (2+1) dimensions. We follow a heuristic approach inspired by the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz in order to construct the GHD of the Boussinesq soliton gas. Such approach allows for a statistical mechanics interpretation of the Boussinesq soliton gas that comes naturally with the GHD picture. This is to be seen as a first step in the construction of the KP soliton gas, yielding insight on some classes of solutions from which we may be able to build an intuition on how to devise a more general theory. This also offers another perspective on the construction of anisotropic bidirectional soliton gases previously introduced phenomenologically by Congy et al (2021).
Using generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), we develop the Euler hydrodynamics of classical integrable field theory. Classical field GHD is based on a known formalism for Gibbs ensembles of classical fields, that resembles the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz of quantum models, which we extend to generalized Gibbs ensembles (GGEs). In general, GHD must take into account both solitonic and radiative modes of classical fields. We observe that the quasi-particle formulation of GHD remains valid for radiative modes, even though these do not display particle-like properties in their precise dynamics. We point out that because of a UV catastrophe similar to that of black body radiation, radiative modes suffer from divergences that restrict the set of finite-average observables; this set is larger for GGEs with higher conserved charges. We concentrate on the sinh-Gordon model, which only has radiative modes, and study transport in the domain-wall initial problem as well as Euler-scale correlations in GGEs. We confirm a variety of exact GHD predictions, including those coming from hydrodynamic projection theory, by comparing with Metropolis numerical evaluations.
Generalized hydrodynamics (GHD) is a large-scale theory for the dynamics of many-body integrable systems. It consists of an infinite set of conservation laws for quasi-particles traveling with effective (“dressed”) velocities that depend on the local state. We show that these equations can be recast into a geometric dynamical problem. They are conservation equations with state-independent quasi-particle velocities, in a space equipped with a family of metrics, parametrized by the quasi-particles' type and speed, that depend on the local state. In the classical hard rod or soliton gas picture, these metrics measure the free length of space as perceived by quasi-particles; in the quantum picture, they weigh space with the density of states available to them. Using this geometric construction, we find a general solution to the initial value problem of GHD, in terms of a set of integral equations where time appears explicitly. These integral equations are solvable by iteration and provide an extremely efficient solution algorithm for GHD.
The theory of generalized hydrodynamics (GHD) was recently developed as a new tool for the study of inhomogeneous time evolution in many-body interacting systems with infinitely many conserved charges. It offers a full and efficient framework to capture the long-wavelengths nonequilibrium dynamics in experimentally realizable one-dimensional systems, like Bose gases with delta repulsion. In this letter, we study the nonlinear sound waves emanating from initial density accumulations in the zero-temperature Bose gas. We numerically confirm the emergence of GHD by comparing its predictions with a full quantum simulation performed using the NRG-TSA-ABACUS algorithm. We prove that at zero temperature, GHD is equivalent to conventional Galilean hydrodynamics with nontrivial equations of state. We further predict, at long wavelengths and large densities, the appearance of sharp profiles in finite times, that immediately dissolve (no sustained shocks). The analysis is performed in the full interaction range, and is not restricted to either weak- or strong-repulsion regimes.