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arXiv:2202.13271 · Physical Review A

Collisional-model quantum trajectories for entangled-qubit environments

Shakib Daryanoosh, Alexei Gilchrist, Ben Q. Baragiola

Published Aug 3, 2022• 4 citations
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Abstract

We study the dynamics of quantum systems interacting with a stream of entangled-qubit pairs in the weak coupling limit. For a large class of two-qubit bath states, we present a detailed framework describing conditional dynamical maps for the system, known as quantum trajectories, that arise when the qubits are measured. Depending on the measurement basis, these quantum trajectories can be jump-type or diffusive-type, and can successively transfer entanglement from the bath qubits other quantum systems. They also exhibit features not present in standard quantum optical trajectories due to the fact that collisional models are not confined by the standard white-noise limit for optical-mode baths. As an example of this formalism, we consider the case of two remote two-level systems, where jump-type quantum trajectories herald the birth and death of entanglement.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.106.022202

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We study the dynamics of quantum systems interacting with a stream of entangled-qubit pairs in the weak coupling limit. For a large class of two-qubit bath states, we present a detailed framework describing conditional dynamical maps for the system, known as quantum trajectories, that arise when the qubits are measured. Depending on the measurement basis, these quantum trajectories can be jump-type or diffusive-type, and can successively transfer entanglement from the bath qubits other quantum systems. They also exhibit features not present in standard quantum optical trajectories due to the fact that collisional models are not confined by the standard white-noise limit for optical-mode baths. As an example of this formalism, we consider the case of two remote two-level systems, where jump-type quantum trajectories herald the birth and death of entanglement.
We derived quantum trajectories for a system interacting with the environment prepared in a continuous mode single-photon state as the limit of a discrete filtering model with an environment defined as a series of independent qubits prepared initially in the entangled state being an analog of a continuous mode state. The environment qubits interact with the quantum system and they are subsequently measured. The initial correlation between the bath qubits is the source of the non-Markovianity. The conditional evolutions of the quantum system for the limit of the continuous in time observations together with the formulas for the photon counting probabilities are given.
We study the Markovian dynamics of a collection of nnn quantum systems coupled to an irreversible environmental channel consisting of a stream of entangled qubits. Within the framework of repeated quantum interactions, we derive the master equation for the joint-state dynamics of the nnn quantum systems. We investigate the evolution of the joint state for two-qubit environments where the presence of antidiagonal coherences in the state of the bath qubits (in the local energy basis) is essential for preserving and generating entanglement between two remote quantum systems. However, maximally entangled bath qubits, such as Bell states, exhibit exceptional behavior, where the master equation does not have a unique steady state and can destroy entanglement between the systems. For the general case of nnn-qubit environments we show that antidiagonal coherences that arise from multibody entanglement in the bath qubits do not affect the composite system evolution in the weak-coupling regime.
We introduce jump-time unraveling as a distinct description of open quantum systems. As our starting point, we consider quantum jump trajectories, which emerge, physically, from continuous quantum measurements, or, formally, from the unraveling of Markovian quantum master equations. If the stochastically evolving quantum trajectories are ensemble-averaged at specific times, the resulting quantum states are solutions to the associated quantum master equation. We demonstrate that quantum trajectories can also be ensemble-averaged at specific jump counts. The resulting jump-time-averaged quantum states are then solutions to a discrete, deterministic evolution equation, with time replaced by the jump count. This jump-time evolution represents a trace-preserving quantum dynamical map if and only if the associated open system does not exhibit dark states. In the presence of dark states, on the other hand, jump-time-averaged states may decay into the dark states and the jump-time evolution may eventually terminate. Jump-time-averaged quantum states and the associated jump-time evolution are operationally accessible in continuous measurement schemes, when quantum jumps are detected and used to trigger the readout measurements. We illustrate the jump-time evolution with the examples of a two-level system undergoing relaxation or dephasing, a damped harmonic oscillator, and a free particle exposed to collisional decoherence.
The fully quantized model of double qubits coupled to a common bath is solved using the quantum state diffusion (QSD) approach in the non-Markovian regime. We have established the explicit time-local non-Markovian QSD equations for the two-qubit dissipative and dephasing models. Diffusive quantum trajectories are applied to the entanglement estimation of two-qubit systems in a non-Markovian regime. In both cases, non-Markovian features of entanglement evolution are revealed through quantum diffusive unravellings in the system state space.
We discuss recent developments in measurement protocols that generate quantum entanglement between two remote qubits, focusing on the theory of joint continuous detection of their spontaneous emission. We consider a device geometry similar to that used in well-known Bell state measurements, which we analyze using a conceptually transparent model of stochastic quantum trajectories; we use this to review photodetection, the most straightforward case, and then generalize to the diffusive trajectories from homodyne and heterodyne detection as well. Such quadrature measurement schemes are a realistic two-qubit extension of existing circuit QED experiments, which obtain quantum trajectories by homodyning or heterodyning a superconducting qubit’s spontaneous emission, or an adaptation of existing optical measurement schemes to obtain jump trajectories from emitters. We mention key results, presented from within a single theoretical framework, and draw connections to concepts in the wider literature on entanglement generation by measurement (such as path information erasure and entanglement swapping). The photon which-path information acquisition, and therefore the two-qubit entanglement yield, is tunable under the homodyne detection scheme we discuss, at best generating equivalent average entanglement dynamics as in the comparable photodetection case. In addition to deriving this known equivalence, we extend past analyses in our characterization of the measurement dynamics: we include derivations of bounds on the fastest possible evolution toward a Bell state under joint homodyne measurement dynamics and characterize the maximal entanglement yield possible using inefficient (lossy) measurements.
Collision models provide a simple and versatile setting to capture the dynamics of open quantum systems. The standard approach to thermalization in this setting involves an environment of independent and identically prepared thermal qubits, interacting sequentially for a finite duration Δ t with the system. We compare this to a two-bath scenario in which collisional qubits are prepared in either their ground or excited states and the environment temperature is encoded in system-environment couplings. The system reaches the same thermal steady state for both settings, although even in this limit they describe fundamentally different physical processes, with the two-bath setup yielding a nonequilibrium state with finite heat currents. Non-Markovian dynamics arises when intraenvironment interactions in either setting are introduced. Here the system in the single-bath setup again reaches a steady state at the canonical temperature of the bath, but the nonequilibrium steady state of the two-bath setup tends to a different temperature due to the generation of strong system-environment and intraenvironment correlations. The two-bath setting is particularly suited to studying quantum trajectories, which are well defined also for the non-Markovian case. We showcase this with a trajectory analysis of the heat currents within a two-point measurement scheme. Finally, we consider how our results are impacted when the system-environment interaction leads to strict homogenization. Our results provide insights into the dynamics and thermodynamics of thermalization towards nonequilibrium steady states and the role of non-Markovian interactions.