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arXiv:2202.10894 · Computer Networks

Quantum Internet protocol stack: A comprehensive survey

Jessica Illiano, Marcello Caleffi, Antonio Manzalini, Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

Published Jun 14, 2022• 202 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109092

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As quantum network hardware has made significant progress in recent years, there is an increasing focus on enhancing both the infrastructure and the corresponding software of quantum networks. To establish a comprehensive quantum network, two key stacks are employed: the quantum node stack and the quantum control stack. In this survey, we first clearly distinguish between the quantum network and the quantum internet. Then we provide a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art and use cases for quantum network stacks. Regarding the quantum control stack, we categorize it into traditional and programmable approaches. We further explore the current research challenges associated with each method to inspire ongoing investigation.
Quantum Networks and the Quantum Internet: Architectures, Protocols, and Emerging Applications (2026) by Mirza Adnan Mohtashim and Primoz Krulik is a comprehensive review article surveying the field of quantum networks. It covers fundamental principles (entanglement, no-cloning, quantum channels), key components (quantum repeaters, memories, teleportation), architectures (fiber, satellite, hybrid), protocols (QKD variants, entanglement distribution, routing), experimental progress (Micius satellite, metropolitan testbeds, 2015–2025 milestones), emerging applications (quantum cryptography, distributed computing, sensing networks), and challenges toward a global quantum internet. Targeted at researchers, graduate students, and engineers, it serves as a unified reference for this rapidly advancing interdisciplinary domain.